Smith D E, Zuber M T, Solomon S C, Phillips R J, Head J W, Garvin J B, Banerdt W B, Muhleman D O, Pettengill G H, Neumann G A, Lemoine F G, Abshire J B, Aharonson O, Brown C D, Hauck S A, Ivanov A B, McGovern P J, Zwally H J, Duxbury T C
Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1495-503. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5419.1495.
Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.
火星轨道激光高度计测量的海拔数据生成了一幅高精度的火星地形全球地图。主要特征包括北半球地势较低、塔尔西斯地区和希腊撞击盆地。北半球的凹陷主要是一种长波长效应，是由内部机制形成的。塔尔西斯的地形由两个宽阔的隆起组成。从希腊撞击盆地挖掘出的物质导致了南半球的高海拔以及沿半球边界的陡坡。目前的地形有三个主要排水中心，其中北部低地面积最大。两个极冠的体积给出了目前地表水储量的上限，为320万至470万立方米。
