Gordon T, Galdanes K
New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo 10987, USA.
Toxicol Sci. 1999 May;49(1):86-92. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/49.1.86.
Several physical, chemical, and microbial factors are potential contributors to the adverse pulmonary effects associated with occupational exposure to machining fluid aerosols. The present study examined the relative toxicity of 3 major classes of machining fluids (soluble, semi-synthetic, and synthetic) as well as that of unused (fresh) versus used (grab samples taken from manufacturing sites) machining fluids. Pulmonary function and changes in cellular and biochemical indices in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were examined during and 24 h after exposure, respectively. Statistically significant differences in toxicity were observed in guinea pigs exposed for 3 h to respirable aerosols of unused machining fluids (semi-synthetic > soluble >> synthetic). In addition, greater toxicity was observed in animals exposed to used, machining fluid aerosols compared to unused fluids. Moreover, within the used machining fluid types, significantly greater adverse effects were observed in animals exposed to poorly maintained fluids (i.e., heavy microbial contamination) versus well-maintained fluids. Changes in biochemical and cellular parameters in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid occurred after a single exposure to 5 mg/m3 of the poorly maintained used machining fluid aerosols. Changes in inflammation but not LDH and protein were observed in animals repeatedly exposed to semi-synthetic machining fluid aerosols. A statistically significant increase in lavage fluid neutrophils was observed in guinea pigs exposed to 5 mg/m3 used, semi-synthetic machining fluid aerosols for 4 weeks. In separate experiments, physicochemical properties of unused machining fluids were found to contribute to the production of adverse effects. Adjustment of the alkaline and hypotonic nature of the unused semi-synthetic machining fluid to isotonicity and pH 7 significantly reduced adverse effects. Together, these findings strongly suggest that multiple factors contribute to the adverse respiratory effects associated with occupational exposure to machining fluid aerosols.
几种物理、化学和微生物因素可能是与职业性接触加工液气溶胶相关的不良肺部影响的潜在促成因素。本研究考察了3大类加工液（可溶型、半合成型和合成型）以及未使用的（新鲜的）与已使用的（从生产现场采集的抓取样本）加工液的相对毒性。分别在暴露期间和暴露后24小时检查肺功能以及支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞和生化指标的变化。在暴露于未使用加工液的可吸入气溶胶3小时的豚鼠中观察到了统计学上显著的毒性差异（半合成型>可溶型>>合成型）。此外，与未使用的加工液相比，暴露于已使用的加工液气溶胶的动物表现出更大的毒性。而且，在已使用的加工液类型中，与维护良好的加工液相比，暴露于维护不佳的加工液（即严重微生物污染）的动物出现了明显更大的不良影响。单次暴露于5mg/m³维护不佳的已使用加工液气溶胶后，支气管肺泡灌洗液中的生化和细胞参数发生了变化。在反复暴露于半合成加工液气溶胶的动物中观察到了炎症变化，但未观察到乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和蛋白质的变化。在暴露于5mg/m³已使用的半合成加工液气溶胶4周的豚鼠中，观察到灌洗液中性粒细胞有统计学上显著的增加。在单独的实验中，发现未使用加工液的物理化学性质会导致不良反应的产生。将未使用的半合成加工液的碱性和低渗性质调整为等渗和pH 7可显著降低不良反应。总之，这些发现有力地表明，多种因素导致了与职业性接触加工液气溶胶相关的不良呼吸影响。
