Synthesis and biochemical properties of cyanuric acid nucleoside-containing DNA oligomers.

1-(2-Deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)cyanuric acid (cyanuric acid nucleoside, dY) (1) has been shown to be formed upon exposure of DNA components to ionizing radiation and excited photosensitizers. To investigate the biological and structural significance of dY residue in DNA, the latter modified 2'-deoxynucleoside was chemically prepared and then site-specifically incorporated into oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs). This was achieved in good yields using the phosphoramidite approach. For this purpose, a convenient glycosylation method involving 3,5-protected 2-deoxyribofuranoside chloride and cyanuric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine) was devised. The anomeric mixture of modified 2'-deoxyribonucleosides (1/2 alpha/beta) was resolved by silica gel purification of the 5'-O-dimethoxytritylated derivatives, and then, phosphitylation afforded the desired beta-phosphoramidite monomer (5). After solid-phase condensation and final deprotection, the purity and the integrity of the modified synthetic DNA fragments were checked using different complementary techniques such as HPLC and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, together with electrospray ionization and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The presence of cyanuric acid nucleoside in a 14-mer was found to have destabilizing effects on the double-stranded DNA fragment as inferred from melting temperature measurements. The piperidine test applied to dY-containing ODNs supported the high stability of cyanuric acid nucleoside inserted into the oligonucleotide chain. Several enzymatic experiments aimed at determining the biological features of such a DNA lesion were carried out. Thus, processing of dY by nuclease P(1), snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVPDE), calf spleen phosphodiesterase (CSPDE), and repair enzymes, including Escherichia coli endonuclease III (endo III) and Fapy glycosylase (Fpg), was investigated. Finally, a 22-mer ODN bearing a cyanuric acid residue was used as a template to study the in vitro nucleotide incorporation opposite the damage by the Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase I.