空气污染对死亡率的短期影响：1992 - 1995年马德里市EMECAM项目的结果。西班牙大气污染与死亡率关系多中心研究

[The short-term effects of air pollution on mortality: the results of the EMECAM project in the municipality of Madrid, 1992-1995. Estudio Multicéntrico Español sobre la Relación entre la Contaminación Atmosférica y la Mortalidad].

作者信息

Galán Labaca I, Aránguez Ruiz E, Gandarillas Grande A, Ordóñez Iriarte J M, Aragonés Sanz N

机构信息

Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad y Servicios Sociales, Comunidad de Madrid.

出版信息

Rev Esp Salud Publica. 1999 Mar-Apr;73(2):243-52.

PMID:10410607

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Despite the changes which have taken place in the sources of emissions, the levels of particles, SO2 and CO continue to be high in the municipality of Madrid. Apart from this, photochemical pollutants, such as NO2 and O3 are taking on growing importance due to the increased number of cars and trucks on the road and the major degrees of sunlight in this city. The objective of this article is to set out the short-term relationship between the major pollutants and the daily death rate in the city of Madrid for the 1992-1995 period, using the standardized procedure of the EMECAM Projects (Spanish Multicenter Study of Air Pollution and Death Rate).

METHODS

The daily fluctuations in the death rate for all causes except external ones for all ages and for those individuals over age 69, in addition to those of the circulatory system and respiratory apparatus are related to the daily fluctuations in particles (PM10), SO2, NO2, CO and O3, by means of autoregressive Poisson regression models. The seasonality, tendency, temperature, relative humidity, flu, day of the week, holidays and events out of the ordinary are controlled.

RESULTS

Statistically significant positive relationships were found to exist between SO2 and all of the death rate series analyzed, between CO and the death rate of individuals over age 69, as well as with cardiovascular and respiratory deaths and of the particles to the death rate as the result of cardiovascular disease. A statistically significant relationship was also found to exist between NO2 and the cardiovascular death rate. These impact are immediate, that is to say, they occur with the pollutants of the same day. No significant positive relationships were found to exist for O3.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that, for a broad spectrum of major pollutants, the current levels of air pollution in Madrid are related to a rise in the death rate.

摘要

背景

尽管排放源已发生变化，但马德里市的颗粒物、二氧化硫和一氧化碳水平仍然很高。除此之外，由于道路上汽车和卡车数量增加以及该城市充足的日照，光化学污染物如二氧化氮和臭氧的重要性日益凸显。本文的目的是利用EMECAM项目（西班牙空气污染与死亡率多中心研究）的标准化程序，阐述1992 - 1995年期间马德里市主要污染物与每日死亡率之间的短期关系。

方法

除外部原因外，所有年龄段以及69岁以上人群的全因死亡率每日波动情况，以及循环系统和呼吸系统的死亡率每日波动情况，通过自回归泊松回归模型与颗粒物（PM10）、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳和臭氧的每日波动情况相关联。对季节性、趋势、温度、相对湿度、流感、星期几、节假日和异常事件进行了控制。

结果

发现二氧化硫与所有分析的死亡率序列之间、一氧化碳与69岁以上人群的死亡率之间、以及与心血管和呼吸系统死亡以及颗粒物与心血管疾病导致的死亡率之间存在统计学上显著的正相关关系。还发现二氧化氮与心血管死亡率之间存在统计学上显著的关系。这些影响是即时的，也就是说，它们与同一天的污染物有关。未发现臭氧存在显著的正相关关系。