The anatomy of the killer whale middle ear (Orcinus orca).

The paper first reviews our present understanding of the functional morphology of the odontocete (toothed whale) ear. The tympano-periotic complex forming the ear region consists of a ventral bowl-shaped tympanic bone in direct contact with the surrounding soft tissues and the incident sound, and a dorsal periotic bone containing the inner ear. Apparently sound brings the tympanic bone, and especially its thin tympanic plate, into vibration. The ossicles in the air-filled middle ear cavity form a bridge from the tympanic plate to the periotic bone connecting the vibrating plate to the oval window and the inner ear. Our computer tomography (CT) sections and camera lucida drawings reveal two hitherto unknown features of the odontocete ear, both of them of potential relevance to sound reception and impedance matching. (1) It is well known that, in addition to the ossicular chain, two other bone structures connect the tympanic to the periotic bone. We show that the most delicate parts of these extra-ossicular connections consist of thin and folded bony sheets which apparently allow compliance in the tympano-periotic bone contacts and enable plate vibration in relation to the periotic bone. (2) The round head of the malleus, in combination with a fitting round depression on the periotic side, seems to form a joint. We propose that this (hypothetical) joint, together with the adjacent structures, forms a lever producing an amplification of the vibration velocity at the level of the oval window.