Butler E K
Heart Lung. 1975 Jul-Aug;4(4):599-606.
Dyspnea in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease has been defined and discussed, emphasizing those conditions which increase the work of breathing: increased elastic resistance; increased airway obstruction; and deformities of the chest wall, lung, and pleura. Methods of assessing the cardiopulmonary status of the patient as it relates to each condition were presented. Determining and understanding such clinical signs as patterns of breathing, cough and secretions, râles, rhonchi, wheezes, diminished or augmented breath sounds, poor or unequal expansion of the rib cage, and dullness or hyperresonance on percusion is extremely important for the nurse in order to accurately and comprehensively make a nursing assessment. Such an assessment can provide the information necessary to plan more effectively for the care of the patient with cardiopulmonary disease.
心肺疾病患者的呼吸困难已得到定义和讨论，重点强调了那些增加呼吸功的情况：弹性阻力增加；气道阻塞增加；以及胸壁、肺和胸膜的畸形。文中介绍了评估患者心肺状况与每种情况相关的方法。对于护士而言，确定并理解诸如呼吸模式、咳嗽和分泌物、啰音、鼾音、哮鸣音、呼吸音减弱或增强、胸廓扩张不良或不对称以及叩诊浊音或过清音等临床体征，对于准确、全面地进行护理评估极为重要。这样的评估能够提供必要信息，以便更有效地规划对心肺疾病患者的护理。
