Arampatzis A, Brüggemann G P
German Sport University of Cologne, Institut for Athletics and Gymnastics.
J Biomech. 1999 Aug;32(8):811-20. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00065-2.
The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) To study the energy exchange between the body of the gymnast and the high bar and uneven parallel bars during forward and backward giant swings. (2) To examine the differences between the mechanical energy produced and the mechanical energy absorbed by the muscles during forward and backward giant swings on the high bar and the uneven parallel bars. The data were gathered during the gymnastic world championships in 1994. The experimental set up consisted of two video cameras (50 Hz) and two force measurement bars (500 Hz). A total of 101 giant swings before dismounts and flight elements performed by 33 male and 34 female gymnasts were analyzed. There are characteristically two main phases during forward and backward giant swings before dismounts and flight elements. During the first phase energy is transferred from the gymnast's body into the bar. During this phase of the backward giant swing the energy of the system decreases because the amount of energy decrease of the gymnast's body is more than the energy transferred into the high bar. An exception can be seen during the giant swings in which the gymnast used the power technique. During forward giant swings the energy of the system increases during the first phase. This occurs through active flexion of the hipjoint which produced the extra muscular energy. During the second phase energy is transferred from the bar back into the gymnast's body whose total energy increases. An increase in the energy of the system can only be achieved through muscular work. During the second phase of the backward giant swing the energy of the system increases. The forward giant swings performed on the uneven parallel bars showed a large energy loss during this phase. The energy deficit seen during the first phase of the backward giant swing can be improved by using the power technique. To achieve this the athlete must be in a bent position at the start of the giant swing exercise. Through extension at the shoulder and hip joints muscular energy can be put into the system.
（1）研究体操运动员身体与高低杠和高低平行杠在向前和向后大回环过程中的能量交换。（2）研究在高低杠和高低平行杠上向前和向后大回环时肌肉产生的机械能与吸收的机械能之间的差异。数据收集于1994年世界体操锦标赛期间。实验装置包括两台摄像机（50赫兹）和两根测力杆（500赫兹）。对33名男体操运动员和34名女体操运动员在下法和飞行动作前进行的总共101次大回环进行了分析。在下法和飞行动作前的向前和向后大回环过程中，通常有两个主要阶段。在第一阶段，能量从体操运动员的身体转移到杠上。在向后大回环的这个阶段，系统的能量减少，因为体操运动员身体的能量减少量大于转移到高低杠上的能量。在体操运动员使用动力技术的大回环过程中可以看到一个例外情况。在向前大回环的第一阶段，系统的能量增加。这是通过髋关节的主动屈曲产生额外的肌肉能量来实现的。在第二阶段，能量从杠上转移回体操运动员的身体，其总能量增加。系统能量的增加只能通过肌肉做功来实现。在向后大回环的第二阶段，系统的能量增加。在高低平行杠上进行的向前大回环在这个阶段显示出大量的能量损失。在向后大回环的第一阶段出现的能量不足可以通过使用动力技术来改善。要做到这一点，运动员在大回环练习开始时必须处于弯曲姿势。通过肩部和髋关节的伸展，可以将肌肉能量输入系统。
