Lundström J O
Uppsala University, Department of Zoology, Sweden.
J Vector Ecol. 1999 Jun;24(1):1-39.
Several mosquito-borne arboviruses belonging to the genera Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus have been reported to occur in mosquitoes and to infect humans and other vertebrates in western Europe. These zoonotic viruses circulate in nature either in an Aedes-mammal, Anopheles-mammal, or Culex-bird transmission cycle. Infected humans normally do not contribute to the virus circulation. West Nile virus (Flavivirus) caused an outbreak of fever, malaise, pain in eyes and muscles, and headache and encephalitis in southern France during 1962-1965, and an outbreak of encephalitis with a high case-fatality rate in Romania during 1996. West Nile virus has been isolated from birds, horses, and mosquitoes in Portugal, France, the former Czechoslovakia, and Romania. These data, together with reports of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds, domestic mammals, and humans in several other countries, show virus activity in southern and central Europe. Sindbis virus (Alphavirus) caused outbreaks of fever, rash, and arthralgia in northern Europe during 1981-1982, 1988, and 1995. Two California group viruses (Bunyavirus), Tahyna virus and Inkoo virus, have been identified in western Europe. Tahyna virus causes fever and respiratory symptoms and sometimes also central nervous system involvement. It occurs in most countries of central and southern Europe, and is most common in central Europe. Inkoo virus has not been associated with disease in humans in western Europe although Russian studies indicated that it can cause encephalitis. Inkoo virus occurs in northern Europe, especially in the far north. Batai virus of the Bunyamwera-group (Bunyavirus) occurs in southern, central, and northern Europe, most frequently in central Europe. The antibody prevalence in humans generally is very low, indicating that the potential of this virus as a human pathogen is probably low in Europe. The Lednice virus (Bunyavirus) has been reported only from the former Czechoslovakia and Romania, and apparently is not transmitted to humans. In addition to the six mosquito-borne viruses documented in western Europe, there is serological evidence of infection with a Semliki Forest complex virus (Alphavirus) in central and southern Europe. Although mosquito-borne viruses presently are not considered to be the cause of major health problems in western Europe, the morbidity caused by Sindbis virus, and the morbidity and mortality caused by West Nile virus, merit further studies on the ecology, epidemiology, and medical importance of these viruses. The California group of viruses and a virus of the Semliki Forest complex may be the cause of unrecognized health problems in western Europe. Specific sampling of potential vectors for virus isolation, detailed characterization of virus strains, and the use of fully characterized strains for serological diagnosis will help to elucidate the present and future potential of mosquito-borne viruses as human pathogens in Europe.
据报道，几种属于甲病毒属、黄病毒属和布尼亚病毒属的蚊媒虫媒病毒在西欧的蚊子中出现，并感染人类和其他脊椎动物。这些人畜共患病毒在自然界中通过伊蚊-哺乳动物、按蚊-哺乳动物或库蚊-鸟类传播循环传播。受感染的人类通常不会促进病毒传播。西尼罗河病毒（黄病毒属）在1962年至1965年期间在法国南部引发了发热、不适、眼睛和肌肉疼痛、头痛和脑炎疫情，1996年在罗马尼亚引发了高病死率的脑炎疫情。在葡萄牙、法国、前捷克斯洛伐克和罗马尼亚，已从鸟类、马匹和蚊子中分离出西尼罗河病毒。这些数据，连同其他几个国家鸟类、家养哺乳动物和人类中存在西尼罗河病毒抗体的报告，表明该病毒在欧洲南部和中部有活动。辛德毕斯病毒（甲病毒属）在1981年至1982年、1988年和1995年期间在北欧引发了发热、皮疹和关节痛疫情。两种加利福尼亚组病毒（布尼亚病毒属），塔伊纳病毒和英科病毒，已在西欧被鉴定出来。塔伊纳病毒会引起发热和呼吸道症状，有时还会累及中枢神经系统。它在中欧和南欧的大多数国家出现，在中欧最为常见。尽管俄罗斯的研究表明英科病毒可引起脑炎，但在西欧它尚未与人类疾病相关联。英科病毒出现在北欧，尤其是最北部地区。布尼亚姆韦拉组（布尼亚病毒属）的巴泰病毒出现在欧洲南部、中部和北部，最常见于中欧。人类中的抗体流行率通常很低，这表明该病毒在欧洲作为人类病原体的潜力可能较低。莱德尼采病毒（布尼亚病毒属）仅在前捷克斯洛伐克和罗马尼亚有报道，显然不会传播给人类。除了在西欧记录的六种蚊媒病毒外，在中欧和南欧有感染塞姆利基森林复合病毒（甲病毒属）的血清学证据。尽管目前蚊媒病毒不被认为是西欧主要健康问题的原因，但辛德毕斯病毒引起的发病率以及西尼罗河病毒引起的发病率和死亡率，值得对这些病毒的生态学、流行病学和医学重要性进行进一步研究。加利福尼亚组病毒和塞姆利基森林复合病毒可能是西欧未被认识的健康问题的原因。对潜在病媒进行病毒分离的特异性采样、病毒株的详细特征分析以及使用完全特征化的毒株进行血清学诊断，将有助于阐明蚊媒病毒在欧洲作为人类病原体的当前和未来潜力。
