Janveau-Brennan G, Markovits H
Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada.
Dev Psychol. 1999 Jul;35(4):904-11. doi: 10.1037//0012-1649.35.4.904.
A total of 512 children in Grades 1 through 6 received a conditional inference task using causal conditionals (If cause P, then effect Q) and a generation of alternatives task. The inference task used premises for which there were few or many possible alternative causes. Results show a steady age-related increase in uncertainty responses to the two uncertain logical forms, affirmation of consequent (AC) and denial of antecedent (DA), and an increase in production of disabling conditions for modus ponens. More uncertainty responses were produced to AC and DA with premises with many possible alternatives. Individual differences in inference production were related to numbers of alternatives produced in the generation task. Results support the idea that both developmental and individual differences in reasoning can be at least partially explained by differential access to knowledge stored in long-term memory.
共有512名一至六年级的儿童接受了一项使用因果条件句（如果原因P，那么结果Q）的条件推理任务和一项生成替代项任务。推理任务使用了存在少量或大量可能替代原因的前提。结果显示，随着年龄的增长，对两种不确定逻辑形式，即肯定后件（AC）和否定前件（DA）的不确定性反应稳步增加，并且在肯定前件推理中产生的失效条件也有所增加。对于存在大量可能替代项的前提，在AC和DA中产生的不确定性反应更多。推理产生中的个体差异与生成任务中产生的替代项数量有关。结果支持这样一种观点，即推理中的发展差异和个体差异至少可以部分地通过对存储在长期记忆中的知识的不同获取来解释。
