Clark A
Philosophy/Neuroscience/Psychology (PNP) Program, Washington University in St Louis, USA.
Trends Cogn Sci. 1999 Sep;3(9):345-351. doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01361-3.
The last ten years have seen an increasing interest, within cognitive science, in issues concerning the physical body, the local environment, and the complex interplay between neural systems and the wider world in which they function. Yet many unanswered questions remain, and the shape of a genuinely physically embodied, environmentally embedded science of the mind is still unclear. In this article I will raise a number of critical questions concerning the nature and scope of this approach, drawing a distinction between two kinds of appeal to embodiment: (1) 'Simple' cases, in which bodily and environmental properties merely constrain accounts that retain the focus on inner organization and processing; and (2) More radical appeals, in which attention to bodily and environmental features is meant to transform both the subject matter and the theoretical framework of cognitive science.
在过去十年中,认知科学领域对与身体、当地环境以及神经系统与其运作的更广阔世界之间复杂相互作用相关的问题越来越感兴趣。然而,许多问题仍未得到解答,一门真正将身体具体化、环境嵌入化的心智科学的形态仍不明朗。在本文中,我将提出一些关于这种方法的性质和范围的关键问题,区分两种对具体化的诉求:(1)“简单”情形,即身体和环境属性仅对那些仍聚焦于内部组织和处理过程的解释构成限制;(2)更激进的诉求,即对身体和环境特征的关注旨在改变认知科学的研究对象和理论框架。