Gutierrez Y M
Mid-Coastal California Perinatal Outreach Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto 94304, USA.
J Adolesc Health. 1999 Sep;25(3):227-37. doi: 10.1016/s1054-139x(99)00016-6.
To describe the nutrition knowledge, cultural beliefs, food intake, and attitudes about weight gain of Mexican American adolescents and their relationship to pregnancy weight gain and infant's birth weight.
A convenience sample of 46 pregnant adolescents, who were self-identified as Mexican American, primigravidas, and aged 13-18 years, was eligible. Two personal interviews were conducted with each participant, at the second trimester (18-22 weeks' gestation) and third trimester (30-34 weeks' gestation). The measurements were nutrient intake, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes toward weight gain. The proxy measure for acculturation was the length of residence in the United States [Group 1 (G1), n = 14; 3-12 months), G2 (n = 19; 12-48 months), and G3 (n = 13; 48-216 months). Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were performed on the data as appropriate. Qualitative methods were used to describe cultural beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes during pregnancy.
The mean age of the sample was 16.34 +/- 1.56 years. A total of 21.74% (n = 10) was American-born and 78.26% (n = 36) was Mexican-born. G3 was significantly (p < .05) the youngest at the time of conception, gained the most weight during pregnancy, was more knowledgeable about nutrition, was more educated, and was single and living with parents. There were no differences regarding the adequacy of diets during pregnancy among the three groups, and all diets adhered to up to 85% of the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The mean total weight gain was 31.83 +/- 9.88 lb. There were no statistically significant differences of birth weight; the mean value for the three groups was 7.23 +/- 0.98 lb.
The most powerful factors that reportedly contributed to good food practices during pregnancy were maternal concern about the well-being of the baby, role of motherhood, and family support system. It was found that with acculturation, adolescents lost most of the traditional Mexican cultural beliefs related to pregnancy, and their attitudes about weight gain were more negative. There was no relationship between nutrition knowledge and diet adequacy during pregnancy; they chose the traditional foods thought most nutritious by parents and family, for the benefit of their baby.
描述墨西哥裔美国青少年的营养知识、文化信仰、食物摄入以及对体重增加的态度，及其与孕期体重增加和婴儿出生体重的关系。
选取46名自我认定为墨西哥裔美国人、初产妇、年龄在13至18岁之间的怀孕青少年作为便利样本。在孕中期（妊娠18 - 22周）和孕晚期（妊娠30 - 34周）对每位参与者进行两次个人访谈。测量内容包括营养摄入、营养知识以及对体重增加的态度。文化适应的替代指标是在美国的居住时长[第1组（G1），n = 14；3 - 12个月]，G2（n = 19；12 - 48个月），G3（n = 13；48 - 216个月）。对数据进行适当的描述性统计和方差分析。采用定性方法描述孕期的文化信仰、行为和态度。
样本的平均年龄为16.34 ± 1.56岁。共有21.74%（n = 10）在美国出生，78.26%（n = 36）在墨西哥出生。G3在受孕时年龄显著最小（p <.05），孕期体重增加最多，营养知识更丰富，受教育程度更高，且单身并与父母同住。三组孕期饮食充足程度无差异，所有饮食均达到平均充足率（MAR）的85%。平均总体重增加为31.83 ± 9.88磅。出生体重无统计学显著差异；三组的平均值为7.23 ± 0.98磅。
据报道，孕期良好饮食行为的最有力因素是母亲对婴儿健康的关注、母亲角色以及家庭支持系统。研究发现，随着文化适应，青少年失去了大部分与孕期相关的传统墨西哥文化信仰，他们对体重增加的态度更为消极。孕期营养知识与饮食充足程度之间不存在关联；他们选择父母和家人认为最有营养的传统食物，以利于婴儿。
