Mendes J, Linhares A X
Department of Pathology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil.
Med Vet Entomol. 1999 May;13(2):185-90. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.1999.00155.x.
In order to verify the occurrence of diapause, preference for pupation sites and hymenopteran parasitism, the pupae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), were collected from undisturbed cattle dung pats in pastures, and adults of the fly were sampled from cattle in São Paulo State, south-eastern Brazil, from April 1993 to July 1994. Diapause was verified in 7.7% of pupae sampled from pastures in June and July of 1993 and in 9.9% of those sampled in May, June and July of 1994 (overall rate of 9.1%). Approximately 8.3% of the pupae were parasitized by microhymenopterans, mostly Spalangia nigroaenea and S. cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Horn fly pupae were found almost exclusively inside the pat or in the soil immediately beneath and adjacent to it, and very few were collected elsewhere. Pupa mortality was 54.4% and did not change significantly during the year, but mortality was greater among pupae collected in pastures when compared to those obtained from experimental pats, lacking natural enemies.
为了验证滞育的发生、化蛹地点偏好和膜翅目寄生情况，从牧场中未受干扰的牛粪堆中收集了角蝇（Haematobia irritans，双翅目：蝇科）的蛹，并于1993年4月至1994年7月从巴西东南部圣保罗州的牛身上采集了该蝇的成虫。在1993年6月和7月从牧场采集的蛹中，7.7%被证实处于滞育状态；在1994年5月、6月和7月采集的蛹中，9.9%处于滞育状态（总体比率为9.1%）。约8.3%的蛹被小型膜翅目昆虫寄生，主要是黑腹斯帕兰姬小蜂（Spalangia nigroaenea）和卡梅伦斯帕兰姬小蜂（S. cameroni，膜翅目：姬小蜂科）。角蝇蛹几乎只在牛粪堆内部或其正下方及相邻的土壤中被发现，在其他地方很少采集到。蛹的死亡率为54.4%，全年没有显著变化，但与从没有天敌的实验性牛粪堆中获得的蛹相比，从牧场采集的蛹死亡率更高。
