Cruse J M
Department of Pathology, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA.
Am J Med Sci. 1999 Sep;318(3):171-80. doi: 10.1097/00000441-199909000-00012.
Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), the father of medicine, developed principles for medical diagnosis and treatment together with a code of ethics. When the first Ptolemy ruled Egypt, he created a great library of 700,000 rolls at Alexandria, which became a repository for the works of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, and all the writings of the known world, but it was destroyed by a great fire. Galen of Pergamum (129-216), who lived 500 years after Hippocrates, was well educated and studied anatomy, surgery, drugs and Hippocratic medicine. His ideas influenced medical thinking for the next 1500 years. The Arabic physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote a great medical work entitled Canon of Medicine. After the Dark Ages (500 to 1050), academic medicine was reestablished in Europe, especially at Salerno, Bologna, Padua, Paris, Montpellier, and Oxford. The greatest medical disaster of the Middle Ages was the Black Death. Other diseases of note were leprosy, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhus, measles, diarrhea, meningitis, and colic. As interest in human dissection increased, the study of anatomy became popular. With development of the printing press, medical knowledge became more widely disseminated and technical advances in science flourished. Advances in medicine occurred in concert with developments in technology. These included the microscope, the stethoscope, anesthetic agents, discoveries in bacteriology, a carbolic acid spray to reduce infection during surgery, the clinical thermometer, blood transfusions, electrocardiography, X-rays, and the sphygmomanometer. Johns Hopkins University was established at the end of the 19th century to train scientifically knowledgeable physicians. The first faculty included Welch, Osler, Halstead, Kelly, Mall, and Abel. Graduates of the new school carried scientific medicine to universities throughout America. More medical advances have been made during the 20th century than in all the other centuries combined. Advances in medical knowledge have resulted not only from developments in technology but from increased access to current information provided through libraries such as the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.
医学之父希波克拉底（公元前460 - 370年）制定了医学诊断和治疗原则以及一套道德准则。当托勒密一世统治埃及时，他在亚历山大创建了一座拥有70万卷藏书的大型图书馆，这里成为了苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德、希波克拉底以及已知世界所有著作的宝库，但它毁于一场大火。帕加马的盖伦（公元129 - 216年）生活在希波克拉底之后500年，他受过良好教育，研究解剖学、外科手术、药物以及希波克拉底医学。他的观点在接下来的1500年里影响着医学思维。阿拉伯医生伊本·西那（阿维森纳）撰写了一部伟大的医学著作《医典》。在黑暗时代（公元500年至1050年）之后，学术医学在欧洲得以重建，尤其是在萨勒诺、博洛尼亚、帕多瓦、巴黎、蒙彼利埃和牛津。中世纪最大的医学灾难是黑死病。其他值得注意的疾病有麻风病、天花、肺结核、斑疹伤寒、麻疹、腹泻、脑膜炎和绞痛。随着对人体解剖学兴趣的增加，解剖学研究变得流行起来。随着印刷机的发展，医学知识得到更广泛传播，科学技术进步蓬勃发展。医学进步与技术发展同步。这些技术包括显微镜、听诊器、麻醉剂、细菌学发现、用于减少手术感染的石炭酸喷雾、体温计、输血、心电图、X射线和血压计。约翰·霍普金斯大学于19世纪末成立，旨在培养具有科学知识的医生。首批教员包括韦尔奇、奥斯勒、霍尔斯特德、凯利、马尔和阿贝尔。这所新学校的毕业生将科学医学传播到了美国各地的大学。20世纪取得的医学进步比以往所有世纪的总和还要多。医学知识的进步不仅源于技术发展，还源于通过诸如马里兰州贝塞斯达的国立医学图书馆等图书馆获取的最新信息的增加。
