Hibbert R, Bai Z, Navia J, Kammen D M, Zhang J
Science, Technology and Environmental Policy Program, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544-1013, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Jul-Aug;9(4):343-51. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500035.
This paper reports findings from a screening study conducted to examine potential lead (Pb) exposures in residents of a Mexican village where Pb oxide continues to be used in ceramic pottery production. Extremely high Pb concentrations were measured in personal and indoor air samples, household surface dust samples, and household soil samples. Personal air Pb concentrations for workers performing pottery firing and glazing were up to 454 microg/m3. Results from indoor air samples indicate that airborne Pb concentrations were lower during nonglazing period compared to the glazing period. Soil Pb concentrations measured in 17 homes ranged from 0.39 to 19.8 mg/g. Dust Pb loading on surfaces of household items, hands, and clothes of a worker ranged from 172 to 33,060 microg/ft2. Pb content as high as 2.4 microg/g was found in a bean stew cooked in a pot made in the village. Based on these Pb concentrations measured in multiple media and data adapted for exposure contact rates, we have made rough estimates of Pb exposures via inhalation, soil/dust ingestion, and food ingestion. Estimated total daily Pb intake, on average, is 4.0 mg for adults and 3.4 mg for children living in the village. In the total daily intake, a greatest fraction may be contributed by food ingestion and another significant fraction may come from soil/dust ingestion for the children. Although the sample size is small, these measurements indicate a very significant public health problem for the village residents and a large number of other similar communities in Mexico. (It was estimated that there are approximately 1.5 million glaze potters.) The Pb exposure is implicated in a number of pervasive health problems in the region, and is the cause for national and international attention. Several recommended solutions to this problem range from personal protection and behavioral changes to introduction of alternative glazes.
本文报告了一项筛查研究的结果，该研究旨在调查墨西哥一个村庄居民的潜在铅（Pb）暴露情况，该村庄仍在陶瓷生产中使用氧化铅。在个人和室内空气样本、家庭表面灰尘样本以及家庭土壤样本中检测到极高的铅浓度。从事陶器烧制和上釉工作的工人个人空气中铅浓度高达454微克/立方米。室内空气样本结果表明，与上釉期间相比，非上釉期间空气中的铅浓度较低。在17户家庭中测得的土壤铅浓度范围为0.39至19.8毫克/克。一名工人的家居用品表面、手部和衣服上的灰尘铅含量范围为172至33,060微克/平方英尺。在该村制作的锅中烹制的炖菜中发现铅含量高达2.4微克/克。根据在多种介质中测得的这些铅浓度以及适用于暴露接触率的数据，我们对通过吸入、土壤/灰尘摄入和食物摄入的铅暴露进行了粗略估计。居住在该村庄的成年人估计每日铅摄入量平均为4.0毫克，儿童为3.4毫克。在每日总摄入量中，最大一部分可能来自食物摄入，另一大重要部分可能来自儿童的土壤/灰尘摄入。尽管样本量较小，但这些测量结果表明该村庄居民以及墨西哥大量其他类似社区存在非常严重的公共卫生问题。（据估计，大约有150万釉面陶工。）铅暴露与该地区许多普遍存在的健康问题有关，引起了国家和国际的关注。针对这个问题的几个推荐解决方案包括个人防护和行为改变，以及引入替代釉料。
