Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 1B regulates the stability of microtubules in growth cones.

We have recently shown that glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) phosphorylates the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 1B in an in vitro kinase assay and in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Mapping studies identified a region of MAP1B high in serine-proline motifs that is phosphorylated by GSK3beta. Here we show that COS cells, transiently transfected with both MAP1B and GSK3beta, express high levels of the phosphorylated isoform of MAP1B (MAP1B-P) generated by GSK3beta. To investigate effects of MAP1B-P on microtubule dynamics, double transfected cells were labelled with antibodies to tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin markers for stable and unstable microtubules. This showed that high levels of MAP1B-P expression are associated with the loss of a population of detyrosinated microtubules in these cells. Transfection with MAP1B protected microtubules in COS cells against nocodazole depolymerisation, confirming previous studies. However, this protective effect was greatly reduced in cells containing high levels of MAP1B-P following transfection with both MAP1B and GSK3beta. Since we also found that MAP1B binds to tyrosinated, but not to detyrosinated, microtubules in transfected cells, we propose that MAP1B-P prevents tubulin detyrosination and subsequent conversion of unstable to stable microtubules and that this involves binding of MAP1B-P to unstable microtubules. The highest levels of MAP1B-P are found in neuronal growth cones and therefore our findings suggest that a primary role of MAP1B-P in growing axons may be to maintain growth cone microtubules in a dynamically unstable state, a known requirement of growth cone microtubules during pathfinding. To test this prediction, we reduced the levels of MAP1B-P in neuronal growth cones of dorsal root ganglion cells in culture by inhibiting GSK3beta with lithium. In confirmation of the proposed role of MAP1B-P in maintaining microtubule dynamics we found that lithium treatment dramatically increased the numbers of stable (detyrosinated) microtubules in the growth cones of these neurons.