The treatment of Zenker's diverticula: a review.

A historical review reveals that the treatment of Zenker's diverticula has paralleled its presumed pathophysiology. With the development of technical facilities to better evaluate the pharyngoesophageal region, incomplete relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) seems to represent the key element in the development of high pharyngeal pressures with a subsequent outpouching responsible for the diverticulum formation. Many studies have justified myotomy as an essential component in the treatment of pharyngoesophageal diverticula because it represents an efficient therapy with little morbidity. A diverticulopexy should be added for pouches between 1 and 4 cm and a diverticulectomy should be performed for sacs greater than 5 cm to expect the best relief of symptoms. Other treatment modalities have recently been used such as the endoscopic division of the common wall between the cervical esophagus and the diverticulum with either electrocautery (Dohlman's procedure), a laser, or a stapling device. This method is gaining popularity because it achieves a good clinical outcome, especially in high-risk patients. However, more studies are needed to confirm its long-term effectiveness.