Gordon S M, Callahan P J, Nishioka M G, Brinkman M C, O'Rourke M K, Lebowitz M D, Moschandreas D J
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Sep-Oct;9(5):456-70. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500042.
A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total human exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g., indoor and outdoor air, house dust, foundation soil) samples were collected in each home in order to describe individual exposure via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways, and to extrapolate trends to larger populations. This paper is a preliminary report of only the microenvironmental and dermal wipe data obtained for the target pesticides and VOCs, and provides comparisons with results from similar studies. Evaluations of total exposure from all sources and pathways will be addressed in future papers. The pesticides and VOCs all showed log-normal distributions of concentrations in the Arizona population sampled, and in most cases were detected with sufficient frequency to allow unequivocal description of the concentration by media at the 90th, 75th, and 50th (median) percentiles. Those combinations of pollutant and media, in which a large fraction of the measurements were below the detection limit of the analysis method used, included trichloroethene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde in outdoor air; chlorpyrifos and diazinon in outdoor air; and diazinon in dermal and window sill wipes. In general, indoor air concentrations were higher than outdoor air concentrations for all VOCs and pesticides investigated, and VOC levels were in good agreement with levels reported in other studies. In addition, the agreement obtained between co-located VOC samplers indicated that the low-cost diffusional badges used to measure concentrations are probably adequate for use in future monitoring studies. For the pesticides, the median levels found in indoor samples agreed well with other studies, although the levels corresponding to the upper 0.1-1% of the population were considerably higher than levels reported elsewhere, with indoor air levels as high as 3.3 and 20.5 microg/m3 for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, respectively. These data showed excellent correlation (Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.998, respectively) between chlorpyrifos in indoor air and in the corresponding dermal wipes, and relatively poor correlation between chlorpyrifos in dust (microg/g or microg/ml) and dermal wipes (Pearson=0.055 microg/g and 0.015 microg/m2; Spearman=0.644 microg/g and 0.578 microg/m2). These data suggest the importance of dermal penetration of semi-volatiles as a route of residential human exposure.
在亚利桑那州开展的国家人类暴露评估调查（NHEXAS）的一个主要目标是，针对选定的农药（毒死蜱、二嗪农）、挥发性有机化合物（VOCs；苯、甲苯、三氯乙烯、甲醛、1,3 - 丁二烯）和金属进行住宅环境及生物标志物测量，以评估人类的总体暴露情况。为了描述个体通过摄入、吸入和皮肤接触途径的暴露情况，并将趋势外推至更大的人群，在每户家庭中都采集了个人样本（如血液、尿液、皮肤擦拭样本、24小时重复膳食样本）和微环境样本（如室内和室外空气、房屋灰尘、地基土壤）。本文仅是关于目标农药和VOCs的微环境及皮肤擦拭样本数据的初步报告，并与类似研究的结果进行了比较。对所有来源和途径的总体暴露评估将在未来的论文中阐述。在亚利桑那州采样的人群中，所研究的农药和VOCs的浓度均呈对数正态分布，并且在大多数情况下，检测频率足以明确描述第90、75和50（中位数）百分位数下各介质中的浓度。那些污染物与介质的组合中，大部分测量值低于所用分析方法的检测限，包括室外空气中的三氯乙烯、1,3 - 丁二烯和甲醛；室外空气中的毒死蜱和二嗪农；以及皮肤和窗台擦拭样本中的二嗪农。总体而言，对于所有研究的VOCs和农药，室内空气浓度均高于室外空气浓度，并且VOC水平与其他研究报告的水平高度一致。此外，在同一地点的VOC采样器之间获得的一致性表明，用于测量浓度的低成本扩散徽章可能足以用于未来的监测研究。对于农药，室内样本中发现的中位数水平与其他研究结果吻合良好，尽管对应于人群中0.1 - 1%较高水平的浓度远高于其他地方报告的水平，毒死蜱和二嗪农在室内空气中的水平分别高达3.3和20.5微克/立方米。这些数据表明，室内空气中的毒死蜱与相应皮肤擦拭样本中的毒死蜱之间具有极好的相关性（皮尔逊和斯皮尔曼相关系数分别为0.998和0.998），而灰尘中（微克/克或微克/毫升）的毒死蜱与皮肤擦拭样本之间的相关性相对较差（皮尔逊=0.055微克/克和0.015微克/平方米；斯皮尔曼=0.644微克/克和0.578微克/平方米）。这些数据表明半挥发性物质经皮肤渗透作为住宅人类暴露途径的重要性。
