Kritz-Silverstein D, Wingard D L, Garland F C
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 1999 Nov;8(9):1185-93. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1185.
The present study examines the association of obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise with the prevalence of menstrual cycle disorders among 2912 women aboard U.S. Navy ships. Self-administered surveys obtained information on weight, height, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise. Participants also indicated whether they experienced cramps or pain during their period requiring medication or time off work, bleeding between periods, excessive frequency of periods, heavy periods, periods lasting for longer than a week, scanty menstrual flow, and irregular periods during the past 90 days. Women ranged in age from 18 to 49 years, with an average of 26 years. After adjustment for age, race, and pay grade, current cigarette smoking was associated with increased risk of all menstrual symptoms and cycle disorders. As compared with nonsmokers, current smokers were at increased risk of cramps or pain requiring medication or time off work (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.25), bleeding between periods (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.09, 1.38), excessive frequency of periods (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.17, 1.51), heavy periods (OR = 1.17, CI = 1.06, 1.29), periods lasting longer than a week (OR = 1.31, CI = 1.16, 1.48), scanty flow (OR = 1.13, CI = 1.01, 1.29), and irregular periods (OR = 1.14, CI = 1.05, 1.24). Obesity, exercise, and alcohol consumption did not show consistent associations with menstrual symptoms or cycle disorders. Logistic regression models that included age, race, pay grade, and all behavioral and lifestyle variables indicated only cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of bleeding between periods (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.05, 1.68), excessive frequency of periods (OR = 1.38, CI = 1.21, 1.58), periods lasting longer than a week (OR = 1.45, CI = 1.13, 1.84), and irregular periods (OR = 1.25, CI = 1.05, 1.47). Although the lifestyle factors are all potentially modifiable, results suggest that only interventions targeted at smoking cessation might be useful in reducing the prevalence of menstrual symptoms, cycle disorders, and time lost from work.
本研究调查了美国海军舰艇上2912名女性的肥胖、吸烟、饮酒和运动与月经周期紊乱患病率之间的关联。通过自行填写的调查问卷获取了体重、身高、吸烟、饮酒和运动方面的信息。参与者还指出了在过去90天内她们经期是否经历过需要用药或请假的痉挛或疼痛、经期之间出血、经期过于频繁、经量过多、经期持续超过一周、经量过少以及月经不规律等情况。女性年龄在18至49岁之间，平均年龄为26岁。在对年龄、种族和薪资等级进行调整后，当前吸烟与所有月经症状和周期紊乱风险增加相关。与不吸烟者相比，当前吸烟者出现需要用药或请假的痉挛或疼痛的风险增加（比值比[OR]=1.13，95%置信区间[CI]=1.03，1.25），经期之间出血（OR=1.22，CI=1.09，1.38），经期过于频繁（OR=1.33，CI=1.17，1.51），经量过多（OR=1.17，CI=1.06，1.29），经期持续超过一周（OR=1.31，CI=1.16，1.48），经量过少（OR=1.13，CI=1.01，1.29）以及月经不规律（OR=1.14，CI=1.05，1.24）的风险更高。肥胖、运动和饮酒与月经症状或周期紊乱未显示出一致的关联。纳入年龄、种族、薪资等级以及所有行为和生活方式变量的逻辑回归模型表明，只有吸烟与经期之间出血（OR=1.33，CI=1.05，1.68）、经期过于频繁（OR=1.38，CI=1.21，1.58）、经期持续超过一周（OR=1.45，CI=1.13，1.84）以及月经不规律（OR=1.25，CI=1.05，1.47）的风险增加相关。尽管这些生活方式因素都具有潜在的可改变性，但研究结果表明，只有针对戒烟的干预措施可能有助于降低月经症状、周期紊乱的患病率以及工作时间损失。
