Hasegawa H
Department of Biology, Oita Medical University, Hasama, Japan.
Korean J Parasitol. 1999 Dec;37(4):197-213. doi: 10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.197.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group or the lineage of organisms and is reconstructed based on morphological, molecular and other characteristics. The genealogical relationship of a group of taxa is often expressed as a phylogenetic tree. The difficulty in categorizing the phylogeny is mainly due to the existence of frequent homoplasies that deceive observers. At the present time, cladistic analysis is believed to be one of the most effective methods of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree. Excellent computer program software for phylogenetic analysis is available. As an example, cladistic analysis was applied for nematode genera of the family Acuariidae, and the phylogenetic tree formed was compared with the system used currently. Nematodes in the genera Nippostrongylus and Heligmonoides were also analyzed, and the validity of the reconstructed phylogenetic trees was observed from a zoogeographical point of view. Some of the theories of parasite evolution were briefly reviewed as well. Coevolution of parasites and humans was discussed with special reference to the evolutionary relationship between Enterobius and primates.
系统发育是一组生物或生物谱系的进化历史，它是根据形态学、分子学和其他特征重建的。一组分类单元的谱系关系通常用系统发育树来表示。对系统发育进行分类的困难主要是由于存在频繁的同塑性，这会欺骗观察者。目前，分支系统分析被认为是重建系统发育树最有效的方法之一。有优秀的用于系统发育分析的计算机程序软件。例如，将分支系统分析应用于禽蛔科的线虫属，并将形成的系统发育树与当前使用的分类系统进行比较。对类圆线虫属和似血圆线虫属的线虫也进行了分析，并从动物地理学的角度观察了重建系统发育树的有效性。还简要回顾了一些寄生虫进化理论。特别参照蛲虫与灵长类动物之间的进化关系，讨论了寄生虫与人类的共同进化。
