Mucha R F, Geier A, Pauli P
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999 Dec;147(3):306-13. doi: 10.1007/s002130051172.
An increased risk of drug intake produced by drug cues may reflect the fact that the cues are withdrawal-like or aversive, reflecting a conditioned adaptation to the drug's acute effects. More recent work suggests that they may also be appetitive, signalling the goal characteristics of drug taking.
These opposing mechanisms were tested in dependent smokers and in social drinkers by examining the motivational nature of drug cues that overlap differentially with the acute effects of the drug.
Pictures of different phases of smoking or alcohol drinking were presented to deprived and non-deprived smokers, to never smokers and non-deprived smokers or to social drinkers. Desire for cigarettes or alcohol and momentary pleasure and arousal were measured after viewing an experimental picture or a pleasant, neutral or unpleasant control scene.
High desire for smoking was evoked by pictures of preparation for and actual smoking but not by scenes of the end of smoking, although the latter were best correlated with acute drug effect. This pattern was not affected by overnight smoke deprivation, it was seen in different smokers but not in never-smokers and it was replicated in social drinkers using pictures of alcohol consumption. Moreover, scenes evoking high desire to consume did not evoke states of momentary unpleasantness and they were seen as relaxing and not arousing. Control pictures had a minimal effect on desire to consume.
In line with incentive models of drug cues, cues based on pictures of drug intake may be conditioned stimuli encoding cue approach and preparation for consumption.
药物线索导致药物摄入风险增加，这可能反映出这些线索类似于戒断反应或具有厌恶性，体现了对药物急性效应的条件性适应。最近的研究表明，它们也可能具有刺激性，预示着药物使用的目标特征。
通过研究与药物急性效应有不同程度重叠的药物线索的动机性质，在依赖吸烟的人和社交饮酒者中测试这些相反的机制。
向戒烟者和未戒烟者、从不吸烟者和未戒烟者或社交饮酒者展示吸烟或饮酒不同阶段的图片。在观看实验图片或愉快、中性或不愉快的对照场景后，测量对香烟或酒精的渴望以及瞬间的愉悦感和兴奋感。
准备吸烟和实际吸烟的图片会引发对吸烟的强烈渴望，而吸烟结束的场景则不会，尽管后者与药物急性效应的相关性最强。这种模式不受一夜戒烟的影响，在不同吸烟者中都能观察到，但从不吸烟者中没有，并且在社交饮酒者中使用饮酒图片也得到了重复验证。此外，引发强烈消费欲望的场景不会引发瞬间的不愉快状态，并且被视为放松而非兴奋。对照图片对消费欲望的影响最小。
与药物线索的激励模型一致，基于药物摄入图片的线索可能是编码线索接近和消费准备的条件刺激。
