Dopamine-antagonistic, anticholinergic, and GABAergic effects on declarative and procedural memory functions.

Declarative and procedural memory functions are related to dissociable neuroanatomic substrates. In the present study differential effects of pharmacologically induced changes in dopaminergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic activity in the brain on declarative (object and face recognition, immediate and delayed word recall) and procedural memory processes (compensatory tracking) were investigated. In a double-blind design, either 3 mg of haloperidol, 11 mg of midazolam, 1 mg of scopolamine, or placebo were administered to 80 healthy volunteers randomly assigned to one of the four drug conditions. Although all three drugs produced a detrimental effect on immediate and delayed word recall, recall performance was substantially more impaired by the benzodiazepine midazolam than by either haloperidol or scopolamine. While recognition of faces was affected by neither of the drugs, performance on object recognition was significantly decreased by midazolam as compared to placebo. Procedural learning was markedly impaired by all drugs but, again, the observed effect was most pronounced with midazolam. Additional analyses of measures of subjective activation, cortical arousal, and psychomotor performance argued against the assumption that the observed memory-impairing effects were secondary to drug-induced sedation. The overall pattern of results revealed that memory processes are much more susceptible to changes in GABAergic than in dopaminergic or cholinergic neurotransmitter activity. Furthermore, the present findings point to the conclusion that the modulating effects of dopaminergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems on declarative and procedural memory functions are less specific than suggested by neuropsychological studies in patients.