Cryopreservation of mouse oocytes using a medium with low sodium content: effect of plunge temperature.

The effect of various combinations of plunge temperature and thawing protocol on the survival and viability of mouse oocytes was examined. The oocytes were frozen either in a standard freezing medium (ETFM, embryo transfer freezing medium) or in a low-sodium, choline-based freezing medium (CJ2), with 1.5 M 1,2-propanediol and 0.1 M sucrose, and using a conventional slow cooling method. The criteria used to assess survival were morphological state after thawing (intact or lysed), ability to become fertilized, and ability to develop to the two-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage in vitro. Oocytes frozen in CJ2 and plunged into liquid nitrogen (LN(2)) from -10, -20, or -33 degrees C remained intact and developed to the blastocyst stage at significantly higher rates than oocytes frozen in ETFM. For oocytes plunged into LN(2) from -33 degrees C, very rapid thawing (10 s in 30 degrees C water) was more detrimental than rapid or slow thawing (holding in air at room temperature for 10 or 30 s, respectively, prior to submersion in water at 30 degrees C for 10 s). By contrast, oocytes plunged into LN(2) from -10 or -20 degrees C survived better when thawing was very rapid or rapid than when thawing was slow. With the current protocol CJ2 was very effective over a wide range of plunge temperatures (-20 to -33 degrees C), although the optimal thawing protocol depended on the particular plunge temperature. Over 90% of oocytes surviving after slow cooling in CJ2 to -33 degrees C could be plunged to -196 degrees C with little or no further damage.