Electron fluence perturbation correction factors for solid state detectors irradiated in megavoltage electron beams.

The perturbation correction factor gamma(p) is defined as the deviation of the absorbed dose in the medium from that predicted by the Spencer-Attix extension of the Bragg-Gray cavity theory where the medium occupies exactly the same volume as the solid state cavity and the electron fluence energy spectrum in the cavity is identical in shape, but not necessarily in magnitude, to that in the medium. The value of gamma(p) has been examined for TL detectors irradiated in megavoltage electron beams (5-20 MeV) using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code. LiF and CaF2 solid state detectors simulated were standard size discs of thickness 1 mm and diameter 3.61 mm irradiated in a water phantom with their centres at d(max) or close to it. Values of gamma(p) for LiF ranged from 0.998 +/- 0.005 to 0.994 +/- 0.005 for electron beams with initial energies of 5 and 20 MeV respectively. For CaF2 the corresponding values were 0.956 +/- 0.006 to 0.989 +/- 0.006 for the same size cavities irradiated at the same depth. EGS4 Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the total electron fluence (primary electrons and delta-rays) in these solid state detector materials is significantly different from that in water for the same incident electron energy and depth of irradiation. Thus the Spencer-Attix assumption that the electron fluence energy spectrum in the cavity is identical in shape to that in the medium is violated. Differences in the total electron fluence give rise to electron fluence perturbation correction factors which were up to 5% less than unity for CaF2, indicating a strong violation in this case, but were generally less than 1% for LiF. It is the density of the cavity which perturbs the electron fluence, but it is actually the atomic number differences between the medium and cavity that are responsible for the large electron fluence perturbation correction factors for detectors irradiated close to d(max) because the atomic number affects the change in stopping power with energy. When correction is made for the difference between the electron fluence spectrum in the uniform water phantom and the solid state cavity, the Spencer-Attix cavity equation predicts the dose to water within 0.3% in both clinical and monoenergetic electron beams. Harder's formulation for computing the average mass collision stopping power of water to calcium fluoride, surprisingly, requires perturbation correction factors that are closer to unity than those determined using the Spencer-Attix integrals at depths close to d(max).