Legg S, Mackie H, Smith P
Department of Management Systems, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1999 Dec;39(4):315-20.
The objective of the present study was to determine the temporal patterns of physical activity in four classes of Olympic racing dinghy.
Descriptive.
A field (on-water) study.
Nineteen elite New Zealand sailors (fifteen male and four female).
Not applicable.
The temporal pattern (duration and frequency) and nature of the physical activities of each sailor during each leg of simulated races were recorded on video tape and subsequently systematically quantified and categorised using notational analysis. The accumulated percentage of total leg time spent sitting (upright or leaning backwards), hiking (upright or fully extended) whilst trimming and whilst pumping the mainsheet and for the time spent on rig adjustments, tacking and gybing were calculated for both up-wind and off-wind sailing.
When sailing up-wind, the most time was spent hiking upright (average 29-66% of total leg time) while trimming the mainsheet. During off-wind sailing, sailors spent the most time sitting upright while trimming the mainsheet (average 29-55% total leg time). Hiking upright while trimming the mainsheet was executed the greatest number of times (average 15.8-23.9) when sailing up-wind and sitting upright while trimming was executed the most times (average 3.5-7.4) when sailing off-wind. The most lengthy continuous activity was hiking upright while trimming the mainsheet when sailing up-wind (9-18 seconds) and sitting upright while trimming the mainsheet when sailing off-wind (17-34 seconds).
The most physically demanding aspect of Olympic yacht racing is hiking. It occurs for the majority of up-wind legs when the wind starts to exceed approximately 8 knots. The only respite that the sailor gets from hiking is during tacking, rig adjustments or sitting in-board for brief periods when the wind is low. Sustained hiking tends to last for no more than approximately 20 seconds before the sailor changes to either a more extended or more upright hiking posture. The physical demands during off-wind sailing are generally less, except for a greater requirement for power in the arms and shoulders to pump the mainsheet in order to assist the dinghy in accelerating down waves. The findings of the present study are directly applicable to the design of sailing specific physical conditioning programmes for Olympic class sailors.
本研究的目的是确定四类奥运帆船比赛中身体活动的时间模式。
描述性研究。
实地（水上）研究。
19名新西兰精英帆船运动员（15名男性和4名女性）。
不适用。
在模拟比赛的每个赛段中，将每位帆船运动员身体活动的时间模式（持续时间和频率）及性质录制在录像带上，随后使用记录分析系统地进行量化和分类。计算了在逆风航行和顺风航行时，每个赛段中坐着（直立或向后倾斜）、在调整帆脚索和抽动主帆索时直立或完全伸展地倾斜身体以及进行帆具调整、转向和迎风换舷所花费的总赛段时间的累计百分比。
逆风航行时，在调整帆脚索时，花费时间最多的是直立倾斜身体（平均占总赛段时间的29%-66%）。顺风航行时，帆船运动员在调整帆脚索时花费时间最多的是直立坐着（平均占总赛段时间的29%-55%）。逆风航行时，调整帆脚索时直立倾斜身体的执行次数最多（平均15.8-23.9次），顺风航行时，调整帆脚索时直立坐着的执行次数最多（平均3.5-7.4次）。最长的连续活动是逆风航行时调整帆脚索时直立倾斜身体（9-18秒），以及顺风航行时调整帆脚索时直立坐着（17-34秒）。
奥运帆船比赛中对身体要求最高的方面是倾斜身体。当风速开始超过约8节时逆风航行的大部分赛段都会出现这种情况。帆船运动员从倾斜身体状态中得到的唯一休息时间是在转向、进行帆具调整或在风力较小时短暂坐在船内的时候。持续倾斜身体往往持续不超过约20秒，之后帆船运动员会换成更伸展或更直立的倾斜姿势。除了在抽动主帆索时需要更大的手臂和肩部力量来帮助小艇加速顺浪而下外，顺风航行时的身体需求通常较小。本研究结果可直接应用于为奥运级帆船运动员设计特定的帆船体能训练计划。
