Bundle formation of smooth muscle desmin intermediate filaments by calponin and its binding site on the desmin molecule.

Smooth muscle basic calponin, a major actin-, tropomyosin-, and calmodulin-binding protein, has been examined for its ability to interact with desmin intermediate filaments from smooth muscle cells using sedimentation analysis, turbidity changes, chemical cross-linking, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/MS), and electron microscopic observations. Calponin interacted with desmin intermediate filaments in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. The binding of calponin to desmin produced dense aggregates at 30 degrees C. The dense aggregates were observed by electron microscopy to be composed of large anisotropic bundles of desmin filaments, indicating that calponin forms bundles of desmin filaments. The addition of calmodulin or S100 to the mixture of calponin and desmin caused the removal of calponin from the desmin filaments and inhibited bundle formation in the presence of Ca(2+), but not in the presence of EGTA. Calponin-related proteins including G-actin, tropomyosin, and SM22, had little effect on the binding of calponin to desmin filaments, whereas tubulin weakly inhibited the binding. Desmin had little influence on the calponin-actin and calponin-tubulin interactions using the zero-length cross-linker, EDC. Domain mapping with chymotryptic digestion showed that the binding site of calponin resides within the central a-helical rod domain of the desmin molecule. The chemical cross-linked products of calponin and synthetic peptides (TQ27, TNEKVELQELNDRFANYIEKVRFLEQQ; EE24, EEELRELRRQVDALTGQRARVEVE) derived from the rod domain were detected by MALDI TOF/MS. Furthermore, the calponin-desmin interaction was significantly inhibited by the addition of EE24, but only slightly by TQ27. These results suggest that calponin may act as a cross-linking protein between desmin filaments as well as among intermediate filaments, microfilaments and microtubules in smooth muscle cells.