Taylor C
J Adv Nurs. 2000 Apr;31(4):842-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01342.x.
This paper reviews the literature surrounding the research on how individuals solve problems. The purpose of the review is to heighten awareness amongst nurses in general, and nurse academics in particular about the theories developed, approaches taken and conclusions reached on how clinicians problem-solve. The nursing process, which is heavily used and frequently described as a problem-solving approach to nursing care, requires a deductive reasoning process which is not the problem-solving process in use during care-giving activities. More knowledge is required on what process is in place as we develop as a profession. The literature highlights the complexities involved in attempting to uncover thinking processes. The main research approaches to discovering problem-solving strategies in the past three decades have been from a cognitive perspective, with two main theories, decision-theory and information processing-theory, underpinning the majority of studies conducted. None of the research approaches used to date has resulted in the identification of a general model of problem-solving that is consistent across tasks or disciplines. However, early hypothesis activation with subsequent testing of the hypothesis seems to be consistent in clinicians across disciplines.
本文回顾了围绕个体如何解决问题的研究相关文献。该综述的目的是提高全体护士，尤其是护士学者对有关临床医生如何解决问题所形成的理论、采取的方法及得出的结论的认识。护理程序在护理工作中被大量使用，且常被描述为一种解决护理问题的方法，它需要演绎推理过程，但这并非护理活动中实际使用的解决问题的过程。随着我们作为一个专业的发展，对于实际采用何种过程还需要更多了解。文献强调了试图揭示思维过程所涉及的复杂性。在过去三十年中，发现解决问题策略的主要研究方法是从认知角度出发，有两种主要理论，即决策理论和信息加工理论，支撑了大多数相关研究。迄今为止所使用的研究方法均未得出一个适用于所有任务或学科的通用解决问题模型。然而，在各学科的临床医生中，早期激活假设并随后对假设进行检验似乎是一致的。
