Gernigon C, Fleurance P, Reine B
Sport Psychology Laboratory, National Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Paris.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000 Mar;71(1):44-54. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2000.10608879.
The aim of this study was to distinguish between the roles of uncontrollability and failure on learned helplessness in a perceptual-motor task. Forty-eight junior high school students were randomly assigned in a 2 x 2 (Controllability: Contingent vs. Yoked Noncontingent Feedback x Type of Outcome: Success vs. Failure) factorial design to complete a gun-shooting task on a moving target using a computer screen. Twelve other participants (control group) simply read a passage. After filling out causal attribution and self-efficacy expectations questionnaires, all participants carried out another gun-shooting task (test task). Results showed that contingency led to higher performances than noncontingency. Success conditions elicited higher self-efficacy expectations than failure conditions. Failure entailed less persistence than success did for participants who had been assigned to the contingency condition. Internalization of failure was negatively correlated with persistence. Comparisons with the control group showed that expectations and performance deficits of learned helplessness were provoked by failure in noncontingent situations; persistence deficits were due to failure in contingent situations. These results reveal that both uncontrollability and failure can be responsible for different forms of learned helplessness.
本研究的目的是区分在一项感知运动任务中，不可控性和失败对习得性无助的作用。48名初中生被随机分配到一个2×2（可控性：相依性反馈与配对非相依性反馈×结果类型：成功与失败）析因设计中，使用电脑屏幕完成一项对移动目标的射击任务。另外12名参与者（对照组）只是阅读一篇文章。在填写因果归因和自我效能期望问卷后，所有参与者都进行了另一项射击任务（测试任务）。结果表明，相依性比非相依性导致更高的表现。成功条件比失败条件引发更高的自我效能期望。对于被分配到相依性条件的参与者，失败比成功带来的坚持性更低。失败的内化与坚持性呈负相关。与对照组的比较表明，习得性无助的期望和表现缺陷是由非相依性情境中的失败引发的；坚持性缺陷是由相依性情境中的失败导致的。这些结果表明，不可控性和失败都可能导致不同形式的习得性无助。
