Lowental U
School of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah.
Psychoanal Rev. 2000 Feb;87(1):121-35.
"Defense" and "resistance" are usually regarded as two separate and distinct concepts, the first belonging to psychic functioning in general and the second to therapy, yet this distinction is far from constant. Clinical observations indicate a frequent overlapping of these two mental functions or positions. A patient's behavior may convey the meaning of either or both concepts, and a position or response that one assumes to bespeak resistance may reveal defense instead. This state of affairs may be seen in the analysis of patients with a relatively well-integrated neurotic identity, but its main import is in the analysis of psychosomatic patients and those with severe personality disorders. Insufficient holding experiences during the infancy of these patients do not enable them to develop functional structuralization. Deficient mothering in the first stages of life also prevents the stable differentiation between defense against threats from within and resistance against influence from outside.
“防御”和“抵抗”通常被视为两个相互独立且截然不同的概念，前者一般属于心理功能范畴，后者则属于治疗范畴，然而这种区分并非一成不变。临床观察表明，这两种心理功能或立场常常相互重叠。患者的行为可能传达其中一个概念或两个概念的含义，而人们认为表明抵抗的一种立场或反应，可能反而揭示了防御。这种情况在对具有相对整合良好的神经症身份认同的患者进行分析时可见，但它的主要意义在于对身心疾病患者和严重人格障碍患者的分析中。这些患者在婴儿期缺乏足够的抱持体验，无法使其发展出功能性结构化。生命早期阶段母亲养育不足，也会阻碍对来自内部威胁的防御与对外部影响的抵抗之间的稳定区分。
