SCOTT TA, SULLIVAN JE
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA, and, Center for Conservation Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Environ Manage. 2000 Jul;26(S1):S37-S53. doi: 10.1007/s002670010061.
Multiple-species habitat conservation plans (MSHCPs) are designed to eliminate project-by-project review and minimize species-by-species conflicts; but these one-time, short-term processes invariably compress the divergent expectations of interest groups into an exercise driven by economic, amenity, and aesthetic values rather than scientific values. Participants may define an MSHCP as an exchange of habitat preserves for federal permits to take populations of endangered animals and plants, but the outcome is typically driven by overarching arguments over land development and suburban sprawl. Existing land uses also constrain the size, shape, and linkages among wildlife habitats, leading to a divergence of MSHCPs from the scientific preserve selection and design literature. Problems created by constraints to preserve configuration (e.g., land costs, fragmentation, pre-existing amounts of edge, lack of connectivity) must be resolved by long-term, post facto management. To date, estimates of preserve persistence have not been used in MSHCPs. Rather than focus on map-based exercises of preserve elements, it may be more productive to set goals for the persistence of species (states) and ecosystems (processes) within the preserves-accepting that preserve configurations and arrays will be defined by the landscape and politics of suburban areas and that long-term management will provide the primary means of maintaining biodiversity along the wildland/urban interface.
多物种栖息地保护计划（MSHCPs）旨在消除逐个项目的审查，并尽量减少物种间的冲突；但这些一次性的短期过程总是将利益集团不同的期望压缩成一场由经济、便利和审美价值而非科学价值驱动的活动。参与者可能将多物种栖息地保护计划定义为用栖息地保护区换取联邦许可来捕获濒危动植物种群，但结果通常由关于土地开发和郊区扩张的总体争论所驱动。现有的土地用途也限制了野生动物栖息地的大小、形状和连通性，导致多物种栖息地保护计划与科学的保护区选择和设计文献产生分歧。由保护配置的限制所产生的问题（例如土地成本、碎片化、已有的边缘数量、缺乏连通性）必须通过长期的事后管理来解决。迄今为止，保护区持久性的评估尚未在多物种栖息地保护计划中得到应用。与其专注于基于地图的保护区要素操作，为保护区内物种（状态）和生态系统（过程）的持久性设定目标可能更有成效——承认保护区的配置和阵列将由郊区的景观和政治所定义，并且长期管理将是在荒野/城市界面维持生物多样性的主要手段。
