Foerster S H, Bailey J E, Aguilar R, Loria D L, Foerster C R
Division of Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
J Wildl Dis. 2000 Apr;36(2):335-41. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.335.
Cardiopulmonary effects and the utility of a butorphanol/xylazine/ketamine combination were evaluated during twenty immobilizations of sixteen Baird's tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) between March 1996 and January of 1998 in Corcovado National Park (Costa Rica). The animals were attracted to a bait site and darted from tree platforms. The tapirs were estimated to weigh between 200 to 300 kg. Actual weights of three tapirs taken at later dates fell within the estimated range. A butorphanol, 48+/-1.84 (x +/- SE) mg/animal IM, and xylazine, 101+/-2.72 mg/animal IM, combination was used to immobilize the animals. In some instances, ketamine was used either IM or IV at 187+/-40.86 mg/animal to prolong the immobilization period in addition to the butorphanol/xylazine combination. Naltrexone was used IM to reverse butorphanol at 257+/-16.19 mg/animal. Either yohimbine, 34+/-0.61 or tolazoline at 12+/-10.27 mg/animal, was used to reverse xylazine. The mean time from dart impact to first visible effect was 4.63+/-0.50 min (x +/- SE). Mean time to sternal recumbency was 12.21+/-1.08 min. Mean time the tapirs were immobilized was 45.63+/-3.6 min. Mean time to return to sternal recumbency and standing in animals that received yohimbine and naltrexone was 3.16+/-1.06 and 5.33+/-1.45 min, respectively. Mean time to return to sternal recumbency and standing in animals that received tolazoline and naltrexone was 1.57+/-0.39 and 3.14+/-0.51 min, respectively. Cardiopulmonary parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, electrocardiogram, percent oxygen satoration, and indirect blood pressure were recorded. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed on four animals. A mild degree of hypoxemia was evidenced by low arterial oxygen saturations. Five of 14 (36%) animals measured had oxygen saturations below 90%. Bradycardia (heart rates <45 BPM) was an expected finding in 11 (55%) immobilizations. Induction, recovery and muscle relaxation of each immobilization was graded. Premature arousal, which occurred in six (30%) animals, was the only problem associated with the immobilizations. Butorphanol/xylazine is a recommended protocol for immobilization of calm, free-ranging tapirs lasting less than 30 min. Supplemental intravenous administration of ketamine is recommended for longer procedures. Nasal insufflation of oxygen is recommended.
1996年3月至1998年1月期间，在哥斯达黎加的科科瓦多国家公园，对16只拜氏貘（Tapirus bairdii）进行了20次保定，评估了布托啡诺/赛拉嗪/氯胺酮组合的心肺效应及其效用。动物被吸引到诱饵地点，然后从树平台上用 dart 射击。估计貘的体重在200至300公斤之间。后来测量的三只貘的实际体重在估计范围内。使用布托啡诺，48±1.84（x±SE）毫克/动物，肌肉注射，和赛拉嗪，101±2.72毫克/动物，肌肉注射的组合来保定动物。在某些情况下，除了布托啡诺/赛拉嗪组合外，还使用氯胺酮，187±40.86毫克/动物，肌肉注射或静脉注射来延长保定时间。纳曲酮，257±16.19毫克/动物，肌肉注射，用于逆转布托啡诺。使用育亨宾，34±0.61毫克/动物或妥拉唑啉，12±10.27毫克/动物来逆转赛拉嗪。从 dart 击中到首次可见效果的平均时间为4.63±0.50分钟（x±SE）。达到胸卧的平均时间为12.21±1.08分钟。貘被保定的平均时间为45.63±3.6分钟。接受育亨宾和纳曲酮的动物恢复到胸卧和站立的平均时间分别为3.16±1.06分钟和5.33±1.45分钟。接受妥拉唑啉和纳曲酮的动物恢复到胸卧和站立的平均时间分别为1.57±0.39分钟和3.14±0.51分钟。记录了包括心率、呼吸频率、体温、心电图、氧饱和度百分比和间接血压在内的心肺参数。对四只动物进行了动脉血气分析。低动脉血氧饱和度证明存在轻度低氧血症。14只测量的动物中有5只（36%）的氧饱和度低于90%。心动过缓（心率<45次/分钟）在11次（55%）保定中是预期的发现。对每次保定的诱导、恢复和肌肉松弛进行了分级。六只（30%）动物出现的过早苏醒是与保定相关的唯一问题。布托啡诺/赛拉嗪是一种推荐的方案，用于对安静、自由放养的貘进行持续时间少于30分钟的保定。对于更长时间的操作，建议补充静脉注射氯胺酮。建议经鼻吹入氧气。
