Laposata M M, Dunson W A
Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2000 Jun;46(2):192-201. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1895.
Comparison was made of abiotic conditions, amphibian reproductive outputs, and the survival of embryonic and larval amphibians in wastewater effluent-irrigated and natural temporary ponds in an area in Centre County, Pennsylvania that has been spray-irrigated with secondarily treated, chlorinated wastewater effluent from The Pennsylvania State University for approximately 14 years. Three species of temporary pond-breeding amphibians were studied: wood frogs (Rana sylvatica LeConte), Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum Green), and spotted salamanders (A. maculatum Gravenhorst). Comparisons of physico-chemical parameters in 10 wastewater-irrigated and 10 natural temporary ponds over 19 weeks in 1997 indicated that wastewater -irrigated ponds had significantly higher median conductance, pH, ¿Na, ¿K, ¿Ca, ¿Mg, and ¿N-NO(3) and lower ¿dissolved oxygen. Many of the wastewater-irrigated ponds supported large mats of duckweed (Lemna spp.) that completely blanketed the pond's surface by mid-May. There were significantly fewer egg masses of all three species in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds in both 1997 and 1998. In situ egg hatching success and larval survival (over a 6-day period) of all species was lower in wastewater-irrigated ponds than in natural ponds. Cumulatively, these studies suggest that wastewater effluent irrigation may impact amphibian populations by reducing the survival of amphibian eggs and larvae.
在宾夕法尼亚州中心县的一个地区，对非生物条件、两栖动物繁殖产出以及胚胎和幼体两栖动物在废水灌溉池塘和天然临时池塘中的生存情况进行了比较。该地区已用宾夕法尼亚州立大学经二级处理和氯化的废水进行喷雾灌溉约14年。研究了三种在临时池塘繁殖的两栖动物：林蛙（Rana sylvatica LeConte）、杰斐逊蝾螈（Ambystoma jeffersonianum Green）和虎纹钝口螈（A. maculatum Gravenhorst）。1997年对10个废水灌溉池塘和10个天然临时池塘的理化参数进行了为期19周的比较，结果表明，废水灌溉池塘的电导率中位数、pH值、钠、钾、钙、镁和硝酸盐氮显著更高，溶解氧更低。许多废水灌溉池塘生长着大片浮萍（Lemna spp.），到5月中旬时完全覆盖了池塘表面。1997年和1998年，废水灌溉池塘中所有这三个物种的卵块数量都明显少于天然池塘。在废水灌溉池塘中，所有物种的原位卵孵化成功率和幼体存活率（6天期间）均低于天然池塘。综合来看，这些研究表明，废水灌溉可能会通过降低两栖动物卵和幼体的存活率来影响两栖动物种群。
