Calkins S D, Dedmon S E
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 27402-6164, USA.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2000 Apr;28(2):103-18. doi: 10.1023/a:1005112912906.
A sample of 99 two-year-old children was selected on the basis of parents' responses to two administrations of the Child Behavior Checklist for two- to three-year-olds. Forty-nine of these children displayed symptoms of aggressive/destructive (externalizing) problems that were in the borderline clinical range (labelled "high risk") and 50 children displayed few such symptoms ("low risk"). The children were assessed in a series of laboratory procedures that were intended to be emotionally and behaviorally challenging, during which time heart rate was recorded and behavior was observed. To assess physiological regulation, resting measures of heart period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and heart period change and RSA suppression were derived from these procedures. To assess emotional and behavioral regulation, children's affect and on-task versus types of off-task behaviors were measured. Results indicated that children in the high-risk group did not differ from children in the low-risk group on the resting measure of heart period. Boys displayed lower heart rate than did girls, regardless of risk group. However, boys in the low-risk group differed from boys in the high-risk group in terms of resting measures of RSA. Children in the high-risk group did display significantly and consistently lower RSA suppression (physiological regulation) during the challenging situations than did the children in the low-risk group. High-risk children displayed more negative affect and dysregulated emotion regulation behaviors than did the low risk children. These findings are discussed in terms of the development of behavioral and emotional regulation that underlie adaptive versus maladaptive behavior.
根据家长对两份适用于2至3岁儿童的儿童行为检查表的反馈，选取了99名两岁儿童作为样本。其中49名儿童表现出处于临界临床范围的攻击/破坏（外化）问题症状（标记为“高风险”），50名儿童几乎没有此类症状（“低风险”）。这些儿童接受了一系列旨在在情感和行为上具有挑战性的实验室程序评估，在此期间记录心率并观察行为。为了评估生理调节，从这些程序中得出了心率间期和呼吸性窦性心律不齐（RSA）的静息测量值，以及心率间期变化和RSA抑制情况。为了评估情感和行为调节，测量了儿童的情绪以及专注任务与非专注任务行为的类型。结果表明，高风险组儿童在心率间期的静息测量值上与低风险组儿童没有差异。无论风险组如何，男孩的心率都低于女孩。然而，低风险组男孩在RSA的静息测量值方面与高风险组男孩不同。在具有挑战性的情况下，高风险组儿童的RSA抑制（生理调节）明显且持续低于低风险组儿童。高风险儿童比低风险儿童表现出更多的消极情绪和失调的情绪调节行为。将根据构成适应性与适应不良行为基础的行为和情绪调节发展来讨论这些发现。
