Sterner D E, Berger S L
The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000 Jun;64(2):435-59. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.64.2.435-459.2000.
The state of chromatin (the packaging of DNA in eukaryotes) has long been recognized to have major effects on levels of gene expression, and numerous chromatin-altering strategies-including ATP-dependent remodeling and histone modification-are employed in the cell to bring about transcriptional regulation. Of these, histone acetylation is one of the best characterized, as recent years have seen the identification and further study of many histone acetyltransferase (HAT) proteins and their associated complexes. Interestingly, most of these proteins were previously shown to have coactivator or other transcription-related functions. Confirmed and putative HAT proteins have been identified from various organisms from yeast to humans, and they include Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily members Gcn5, PCAF, Elp3, Hpa2, and Hat1: MYST proteins Sas2, Sas3, Esa1, MOF, Tip60, MOZ, MORF, and HBO1; global coactivators p300 and CREB-binding protein; nuclear receptor coactivators SRC-1, ACTR, and TIF2; TATA-binding protein-associated factor TAF(II)250 and its homologs; and subunits of RNA polymerase III general factor TFIIIC. The acetylation and transcriptional functions of these HATs and the native complexes containing them (such as yeast SAGA, NuA4, and possibly analogous human complexes) are discussed. In addition, some of these HATs are also known to modify certain nonhistone transcription-related proteins, including high-mobility-group chromatin proteins, activators such as p53, coactivators, and general factors. Thus, we also detail these known factor acetyltransferase (FAT) substrates and the demonstrated or potential roles of their acetylation in transcriptional processes.
长期以来，人们一直认识到染色质状态（真核生物中DNA的包装形式）对基因表达水平有重大影响，细胞采用了多种改变染色质的策略，包括ATP依赖的重塑和组蛋白修饰，以实现转录调控。其中，组蛋白乙酰化是研究最为深入的一种，近年来已鉴定并进一步研究了许多组蛋白乙酰转移酶（HAT）蛋白及其相关复合物。有趣的是，这些蛋白中的大多数先前已被证明具有共激活因子或其他与转录相关的功能。已从酵母到人类等各种生物体中鉴定出了已确认的和推测的HAT蛋白，它们包括Gcn5相关的N - 乙酰转移酶（GNAT）超家族成员Gcn5、PCAF、Elp3、Hpa2和Hat1；MYST蛋白Sas2、Sas3、Esa1、MOF、Tip60、MOZ、MORF和HBO1；全局共激活因子p300和CREB结合蛋白；核受体共激活因子SRC - 1、ACTR和TIF2；TATA结合蛋白相关因子TAF(II)250及其同源物；以及RNA聚合酶III通用因子TFIIIC的亚基。本文讨论了这些HAT及其包含它们的天然复合物（如酵母SAGA、NuA4以及可能类似的人类复合物）的乙酰化和转录功能。此外，还已知其中一些HAT还会修饰某些与转录相关的非组蛋白，包括高迁移率族染色质蛋白、激活因子如p53、共激活因子和通用因子。因此，我们还详细介绍了这些已知的因子乙酰转移酶（FAT）底物及其乙酰化在转录过程中已证明的或潜在的作用。
