Moffett S B
School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
Microsc Res Tech. 2000 Jun 15;49(6):579-88. doi: 10.1002/1097-0029(20000615)49:6<579::AID-JEMT8>3.0.CO;2-E.
Gastropod research is providing many insights into mechanisms of neural regeneration. These observations were made possible by the pioneering work of individuals who described the nervous systems of gastropods, mapped prominent neurons and determined their roles and connections, and developed the techniques for culturing them. This information has allowed questions about injury responses, target selection, and pathway cues to be explored at the level of individually identified neurons. Because of gastropod studies, more is known about axon sealing, growth cone formation and behavior, signals that travel from the site of axotomy to the soma, and the second messengers that are activated there. The responses in neurons and non-neuronal cells during neural development and injury are coordinated by chemical messenger systems that are highly conserved, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and neurotrophins. The nervous system is modified in learning paradigms by some of the same messenger systems activated by injury, because learning and injury both challenge neurons to change. The conservation of basic mechanisms that coordinate neuronal plasticity allows us to approach basic questions in relatively simple nervous systems with reasonable confidence that the findings will be relevant for other nervous systems, including possible applications to the mammalian nervous system.
腹足纲动物研究为神经再生机制提供了诸多见解。这些观察得以实现，得益于一些先驱者的开创性工作，他们描述了腹足纲动物的神经系统，绘制了主要神经元并确定其作用和连接方式，还开发了培养它们的技术。这些信息使得有关损伤反应、靶点选择和通路线索的问题能够在单个可识别神经元的层面上进行探索。由于对腹足纲动物的研究，人们对轴突封闭、生长锥形成与行为、从轴突切断部位传至胞体的信号以及在那里被激活的第二信使有了更多了解。在神经发育和损伤过程中，神经元和非神经元细胞的反应由高度保守的化学信使系统协调，包括神经递质、细胞因子和神经营养因子。在学习范式中，神经系统会被一些与损伤激活的相同信使系统所改变，因为学习和损伤都会促使神经元发生变化。协调神经元可塑性的基本机制的保守性，使我们能够在相对简单的神经系统中探讨基本问题，并合理地相信研究结果将与其他神经系统相关，包括可能应用于哺乳动物神经系统。
