Cleveland L E, Moshfegh A J, Albertson A M, Goldman J D
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Servn'ice, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Sunrveys Research Group, Maryland 20705, USA.
J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Jun;19(3 Suppl):331S-338S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718969.
The objective of this study was to provide national estimates of whole-grain intake in the United States, identify major dietary sources of whole grains and compare food and nutrient intakes of whole-grain consumers and nonconsumers.
Data were collected from 9,323 individuals age 20 years and older in USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals through in-person interviews on two non-consecutive days using a multiple-pass 24-hour recall method. Foods reported by respondents were quantified in servings as defined by the Food Guide Pyramid using a new database developed by the USDA. Whole-grain and nonwhole-grain servings were determined based on the proportion, by weight, of the grain ingredients in each food that were whole grain and nonwhole grain. Sampling weights were applied to provide national probability estimates adjusted for differential rates of selection and nonresponse. Then, t tests were used to assess statistically significant differences in intakes of nutrients and food groups by whole-grain consumers and nonconsumers.
According to the 1994-96 survey, U.S. adults consumed an average of 6.7 servings of grain products per day; 1.0 serving was whole grain. Thirty-six percent averaged less than one whole-grain serving per day based on two days of intake data, and only eight percent met the recommendation to eat at least three servings per day. Yeast breads and breakfast cereals each provided almost one-third of the whole-grain servings, grain-based snacks provided about one-fifth, and less than one-tenth came from quick breads, pasta, rice, cakes, cookies, pies, pastries and miscellaneous grains. Whole-grain consumers had significantly better nutrient profiles than nonconsumers, including higher intakes of vitamins and minerals as percentages of 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances and as nutrients per 1,000 kilocalories, and lower intakes of total fat, saturated fat and added sugars as percentages of food energy. Consumers were significantly more likely than nonconsumers to meet Pyramid recommendations for the grain, fruit and dairy food groups.
Consumption of whole-grain foods by U.S. adults falls well below the recommended level. A large proportion of the population could benefit from eating more whole grain, and efforts are needed to encourage consumption.
本研究的目的是提供美国全谷物摄入量的全国估计值，确定全谷物的主要饮食来源，并比较全谷物消费者和非消费者的食物及营养摄入量。
数据收集自美国农业部1994 - 1996年个人食物摄入量持续调查中的9323名20岁及以上的个体，通过在两个非连续日期进行面对面访谈，采用多轮24小时回忆法。受访者报告的食物按照美国农业部开发的新数据库中食物指南金字塔所定义的份数进行量化。全谷物和非全谷物份数根据每种食物中全谷物和非全谷物谷物成分的重量比例来确定。应用抽样权重以提供针对不同选择率和无应答情况进行调整的全国概率估计值。然后，使用t检验来评估全谷物消费者和非消费者在营养素和食物组摄入量方面的统计学显著差异。
根据1994 - 1996年的调查，美国成年人平均每天食用6.7份谷物产品；其中1.0份是全谷物。根据两天的摄入量数据，36%的人平均每天食用不到一份全谷物，只有8%的人达到了每天至少食用三份的建议量。酵母面包和早餐谷物各自提供了近三分之一的全谷物份数，谷物类零食提供了约五分之一，而来自快速面包、意大利面、米饭、蛋糕、饼干、馅饼、糕点和其他谷物的不到十分之一。全谷物消费者的营养状况明显优于非消费者，包括维生素和矿物质的摄入量作为1989年推荐膳食摄入量的百分比以及每1000千卡热量中的营养素含量更高，而总脂肪、饱和脂肪和添加糖的摄入量作为食物能量的百分比更低。消费者比非消费者更有可能达到金字塔对谷物、水果和乳制品食物组的建议摄入量。
美国成年人全谷物食品的消费量远低于推荐水平。很大一部分人口可以从多吃全谷物中受益，需要做出努力来鼓励消费。
