Ann ICRP. 1998 Jan 1;28(4):1-2. doi: 10.1016/s0146-6453(99)00017-2.
The present publication deals with the radiological protection of members of the public following the disposal of long-lived solid radioactive waste using the 'concentrate and retain' strategy. It covers options including shallow land burial and deep geological disposal. The recommendations made in this report apply to new disposal facilities.The main protection issue concerns exposure that may or may not occur in the far future, i.e. a situation of potential exposure. Constrained optimisation is the central approach to evaluating the radiological acceptability of a waste disposal system. In this context optimisation of protection is a judgmental process with social and economic factors being taken into account and should be conducted in a structured essentially qualitative way.Two broad categories of exposure situations have to be considered: natural processes and human intrusion. Application of the radiological protection criteria to these two categories of exposure situations is different.In the first case, assessed doses or risks arising from natural processes should be compared with a constraint of no more than about 0.3 mSv per year or its risk equivalent of around 10(-5) per year. With regard to human intrusion, understood here as inadvertent human intrusion, the consequences from one or more plausible stylised scenarios should be considered in order to evaluate the resilience of the repository to such events. The Commission considers that in circumstances where human intrusion could lead to doses to those living around the site sufficiently high that intervention on current criteria would almost always be justified, reasonable efforts should be made at the repository development stage to reduce the probability of human intrusion or to limit its consequences. In this respect, the Commission has previously advised that an existing(1) annual dose of around 10 mSv per year may be used as a generic reference level below which intervention is not likely to be justifiable. Conversely, an existing(1) annual dose of around 100 mSv per year may be used as a generic reference level above which intervention should be considered almost always justifiable. Similar considerations apply in situations where the thresholds for deterministic effects in relevant organs are exceeded.The conclusion of the report is that in the Commission's view, provided reasonable measures have been taken both to satisfy the constraint for natural processes and to reduce the probability or the consequences of inadvertent human intrusion, and technical and managerial principles have been followed, then radiological protection requirements can be considered to have been complied with.
本出版物涉及采用“浓缩与留存”策略处置长寿命固体放射性废物后公众的辐射防护。它涵盖了包括浅埋和深地质处置在内的多种选择。本报告中的建议适用于新的处置设施。主要的防护问题涉及在遥远未来可能发生或不发生的照射，即潜在照射情况。受限优化是评估废物处置系统辐射可接受性的核心方法。在此背景下，防护优化是一个考虑社会和经济因素的判断过程，应以结构化的、本质上定性的方式进行。必须考虑两大类照射情况：自然过程和人为侵入。将辐射防护标准应用于这两类照射情况是不同的。在第一种情况下，应将自然过程产生的评估剂量或风险与每年不超过约0.3毫希沃特的约束或其每年约10(-5)的风险当量进行比较。关于人为侵入，这里理解为无意的人为侵入，应考虑一个或多个合理简化情景的后果，以评估处置库对此类事件的抵御能力。委员会认为，在人为侵入可能导致场地周边居民受到的剂量足够高以至于按照现行标准几乎总是有理由进行干预的情况下，应在处置库开发阶段做出合理努力，以降低人为侵入的可能性或限制其后果。在这方面，委员会此前曾建议，每年约10毫希沃特的现有(1)剂量可作为一个通用参考水平，低于该水平干预不太可能有理由。相反，每年约100毫希沃特的现有(1)剂量可作为一个通用参考水平，高于该水平几乎总是应考虑进行干预。在超过相关器官确定性效应阈值的情况下也适用类似的考虑。报告的结论是，在委员会看来，只要已采取合理措施既满足自然过程的约束又降低无意人为侵入的可能性或后果，并且遵循了技术和管理原则，那么就可以认为符合辐射防护要求。
