Shaham Y, Erb S, Stewart J
Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2000 Aug;33(1):13-33. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00024-2.
Studies in humans suggest that exposure to stress increases the probability of relapse to drug use, but until recently there has been no animal model to study the mechanisms that mediate this effect. We have developed a reinstatement procedure that allows us to study the effect of stress on relapse to drug seeking in rats. Using this procedure, we have shown that exposure to intermittent footshock stress reliably reinstates heroin and cocaine seeking after prolonged drug-free periods. In the present paper, we summarize results from several studies on stress-induced reinstatement of heroin and cocaine seeking in rats. We first assess the degree to which the phenomenon of stress-induced relapse generalizes to other stressors, to behaviors controlled by other drugs of abuse, and to behaviors controlled by non-drug reinforcers. We then review evidence from studies concerned with the neurotransmitters, the brain sites, and the neural systems involved in stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Finally, we consider the mechanisms that might underlie stress-induced relapse to drug seeking and the possible implications of the findings for the treatment of relapse to drug use in humans.
对人类的研究表明，暴露于压力之下会增加药物使用复发的可能性，但直到最近，还没有动物模型来研究介导这种效应的机制。我们开发了一种复吸程序，使我们能够研究压力对大鼠觅药复发的影响。使用这个程序，我们已经表明，暴露于间歇性足部电击应激会在长时间无药期后可靠地恢复对海洛因和可卡因的觅求。在本文中，我们总结了几项关于应激诱导大鼠海洛因和可卡因觅求复吸的研究结果。我们首先评估应激诱导复发现象在多大程度上适用于其他应激源、由其他滥用药物控制的行为以及由非药物强化物控制的行为。然后，我们回顾了有关参与应激诱导觅药复吸的神经递质、脑区和神经系统的研究证据。最后，我们考虑了应激诱导觅药复吸可能的潜在机制以及这些发现对人类药物使用复发治疗的可能意义。
