Grund A, Dilba B, Forberger K, Krause H, Siewers M, Rieckert H, Müller M J
Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000 Aug;82(5-6):425-38. doi: 10.1007/s004210000197.
The purpose of the present study was to assess different aspects of physical activity and fitness in order to develop a basis for sport programmes for overweight and obese children. Eighty-eight prepubertal children (49 boys, 39 girls, 4.8-11.4 years old, 61% obese, 14% overweight and 25% normal weight) were examined. Body composition was assessed by combined use of anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Resting energy expenditure (REE) and total energy expenditure (TEE) were measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) and individually calibrated 24-h heart rate (HR) monitoring, respectively. Activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated from TEE and REE. Fitness [assessed by O2-pulse, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) at submaximal work intensities] was determined by ergometry. The maximal isometric muscle strength of the legs (m. quadriceps, Fa max, m. ischiocruralis, Fb max) was measured by computer tensiometry. Children were grouped according to their nutritional state, AEE, O2-pulse and muscle strength. When compared with normal weight children, obese and overweight children had increased fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), waist-to-hip ratio and REE, but no group differences were observed for TEE, AEE, and PAL. Obese and overweight children spent more hours per day watching TV. After correction for body weight and FFM, no group differences in REE were observed, but normal weight children had a higher O2-pulse than overweight and obese children. By contrast, RER was increased in the latter group. The fittest group had the lowest body weight, BMI, FM and FFM. Children with a low O2-pulse spent more hours per day watching TV. Grouping children according to their degree of muscle strength, younger children (4-7.5 years) did not show group differences in nutritional state, energy expenditure, physical activity and fitness. However, in the group of 7.6- to 11-year-old children, those with the greatest muscle strength and FFM had reduced BMI, skin folds, FM and FFM. FM correlated inversely with O2-pulse, but was not associated with TEE, AEE, PAL or muscle strength. By contrast TV consumption was positively associated with FM. To summarize, overweight and obese children were less fit and watched more TV than their normal weight counterparts. FM did not correspond to TEE, AEE or PAL. Muscle strength was not associated with FM in young children, but was inversely associated with FM in older children. Our cross-sectional data are consistent with the idea that increased fitness and reduced physical inactivity may prevent children from being overweight.
本研究的目的是评估身体活动和健康的不同方面，以便为超重和肥胖儿童的体育项目奠定基础。对88名青春期前儿童（49名男孩，39名女孩，4.8 - 11.4岁，61%肥胖，14%超重，25%体重正常）进行了检查。通过人体测量学和生物电阻抗分析相结合的方法评估身体成分。静息能量消耗（REE）和总能量消耗（TEE）分别通过间接测热法（IC）和单独校准的24小时心率（HR）监测来测量。与活动相关的能量消耗（AEE）和身体活动水平（PAL）由TEE和REE计算得出。通过测力计测定健康状况[通过次最大工作强度下的氧脉搏、呼吸交换率（RER）评估]。通过计算机张力测定法测量腿部的最大等长肌肉力量（股四头肌，Fa最大值，坐骨神经肌，Fb最大值）。根据儿童的营养状况、AEE、氧脉搏和肌肉力量进行分组。与体重正常的儿童相比，肥胖和超重儿童的脂肪量（FM）、去脂体重（FFM）、腰臀比和REE增加，但在TEE、AEE和PAL方面未观察到组间差异。肥胖和超重儿童每天看电视的时间更多。在校正体重和FFM后，未观察到REE的组间差异，但体重正常的儿童比超重和肥胖儿童的氧脉搏更高。相比之下，后一组的RER升高。最健康的组体重、BMI、FM和FFM最低。氧脉搏低的儿童每天看电视的时间更多。根据肌肉力量程度对儿童进行分组，年幼的儿童（4 - 7.5岁）在营养状况、能量消耗、身体活动和健康方面未显示出组间差异。然而，在7.6至11岁的儿童组中，肌肉力量和FFM最大的儿童BMI、皮褶厚度、FM和FFM降低。FM与氧脉搏呈负相关，但与TEE、AEE、PAL或肌肉力量无关。相比之下，电视观看时间与FM呈正相关。总之，超重和肥胖儿童比体重正常的儿童健康状况更差，看电视更多。FM与TEE、AEE或PAL不对应。幼儿的肌肉力量与FM无关，但年长儿童的肌肉力量与FM呈负相关。我们的横断面数据与增加健康水平和减少身体不活动可能预防儿童超重的观点一致。
