Okamoto K, Matsumura S, Watanabe K
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
Am J Primatol. 2000 Sep;52(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/1098-2345(200009)52:1<1::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-F.
Data on the life history and demography of individual species are indispensable when we discuss social behavior from an evolutionary perspective, and when we attempt to make adequate conservation plans. This is the first report on the life history and demography of moor macaques in their natural habitat. Moor macaques (Macaca maurus) in the Karaenta Nature Reserve, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, have been observed since 1981. Individual identification of group members began in 1988. The size of the study group increased continuously, from 20 to 43, over this 10-year period of observation (1988-1998). The average population growth rate was 8.0%, and 45 births were confirmed during this period. They were categorized as moderately seasonal breeders. Mortality rate within one year after birth was 17.1%. Average inter-birth interval following surviving infants was 24.1 months, while that following early infant death was 15.0 months. As is the case in other species of macaques, males moved between groups while females stayed in their natal groups. Females seemed to exhibit their first perineal swelling at 4-6 years of age, and to have their first infant at 6-7 years. Males left their natal group at 7-9 years. Solitary males were seldom observed around the study group. The late dispersal of males from their natal groups and their infrequent movement between groups contrast with patterns in well-known macaque species such as Japanese macaques. Recently, differences in social characteristics among macaque species have attracted the attention of researchers. Our findings would be useful to further understanding of such social differences.
当我们从进化的角度讨论社会行为以及试图制定适当的保护计划时，关于单个物种的生活史和种群统计学数据是不可或缺的。这是第一份关于自然栖息地中沼猕猴生活史和种群统计学的报告。自1981年以来，印度尼西亚南苏拉威西省卡伦塔自然保护区的沼猕猴（食蟹猴）就一直受到观察。1988年开始对群体成员进行个体识别。在这10年的观察期（1988 - 1998年）内，研究群体的规模持续增长，从20只增加到43只。平均种群增长率为8.0%，在此期间确认了45次出生。它们被归类为季节性繁殖适度的物种。出生后一年内的死亡率为17.1%。存活幼崽后的平均产仔间隔为24.1个月，而幼崽早期死亡后的平均产仔间隔为15.0个月。与其他猕猴物种一样，雄性在群体间迁移，而雌性留在出生群体中。雌性似乎在4 - 6岁时首次出现会阴肿胀，并在6 - 7岁时产下第一只幼崽。雄性在7 - 9岁时离开出生群体。在研究群体周围很少观察到独居雄性。雄性从出生群体中较晚扩散以及它们在群体间不频繁迁移，这与日本猕猴等知名猕猴物种的模式形成对比。最近，猕猴物种之间社会特征的差异引起了研究人员的关注。我们的研究结果将有助于进一步理解这种社会差异。
