Driscoll P, Lecky F, Crosby M
Accident and Emergency Department, Hope Hospital, Salford.
J Accid Emerg Med. 2000 Sep;17(5):357-63. doi: 10.1136/emj.17.5.357.
Statistics inference is used to make comments about a population based upon data from a sample. In a similar manner it can be applied to a population to make an estimate about a sample. It is commonly seen in medical publications when the null hypothesis is being tested. This calculates the probability (p value) of a type I error--that is, that a particular finding is attributable to chance. It is also important to be aware of the chances of a type II error--that is, accepting the null hypothesis when it does not apply. Sample size, point estimate and variability are common factors that will affect the chances of making these two types of errors. Interpreting results therefore needs to take these factors into account as well as the clinical relevance of the findings. Statistical significance does not necessarily mean clinical significance.
统计推断用于根据样本数据对总体做出评论。以类似的方式，它也可以应用于总体以对样本进行估计。在检验零假设时，这在医学出版物中很常见。这计算了I型错误的概率（p值），即特定发现是由偶然因素导致的概率。同样重要的是要意识到II型错误的可能性，即在零假设不适用时接受它。样本量、点估计和变异性是影响这两种错误发生几率的常见因素。因此，解释结果时需要考虑这些因素以及研究结果的临床相关性。统计学显著性不一定意味着临床显著性。
