Cerroni A M, Tomlinson G A, Turnquist J E, Grynpas M D
Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000 Nov;113(3):389-410. doi: 10.1002/1096-8644(200011)113:3<389::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-I.
This cross-sectional study investigates metabolic bone disease and the relationship between age and bone mineral density (BMD) in males and females of a large, well-documented skeletal population of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), from the Caribbean Primate Research Center Museum collection from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. The sample consists of 254 individuals aged 1.0-20+ years. The data consist of measurements of bone mineral content and bone mineral density, obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), of the last lumbar vertebra from each monkey. The pattern of BMD differs between male and female rhesus macaques. Females exhibit an initial increase in BMD with age, with peak bone density occurring around age 9.5 years, and remaining constant until 17.2 years, after which there is a steady decline in BMD. Males acquire bone mass at a faster rate, and attain a higher peak BMD at an earlier age than do females, at around 7 years of age, and BMD remains relatively constant between ages 7-18.5 years. After age 7 there is no apparent effect of age on BMD in the males of this sample; males older than 18.5 years were excluded due to the presence of vertebral osteophytosis, which interferes with DEXA. The combined frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in this population is 12.4%. BMD values of monkeys with vertebral wedge fractures are generally higher than those of virtually all of the nonfractured osteopenic/osteoporotic individuals, thus supporting the view that BMD as measured by DEXA is a useful but imperfect predictor of fracture risk, and that low BMD may not always precede fractures in vertebral bones. Other factors such as bone quality (i.e., trabecular connectivity) should also be considered. The skeletal integrity of a vertebra may be compromised by the loss of key trabeculae, resulting in structural failure, but the spine may still show a BMD value within normal limits, or within the range of osteopenia.
这项横断面研究调查了来自波多黎各圣地亚哥岛加勒比灵长类动物研究中心博物馆馆藏的大量有详细记录的自由放养恒河猴（猕猴）骨骼样本中，雄性和雌性的代谢性骨病以及年龄与骨矿物质密度（BMD）之间的关系。样本包括254只年龄在1.0至20岁以上的个体。数据包括通过双能X线吸收法（DEXA）测量的每只猴子最后一个腰椎的骨矿物质含量和骨矿物质密度。恒河猴的BMD模式在雄性和雌性之间有所不同。雌性的BMD随年龄最初会增加，在9.5岁左右达到骨密度峰值，并在17.2岁之前保持恒定，之后BMD会稳步下降。雄性获得骨量的速度更快，比雌性在更早的年龄（约7岁）达到更高的BMD峰值，并且在7至18.5岁之间BMD相对保持恒定。7岁以后，该样本中的雄性年龄对BMD没有明显影响；由于存在椎体骨质增生会干扰DEXA测量，18.5岁以上的雄性被排除在外。该群体中骨质减少和骨质疏松的综合发生率为12.4%。有椎体楔形骨折的猴子的BMD值通常高于几乎所有未骨折的骨质减少/骨质疏松个体，因此支持了这样一种观点，即通过DEXA测量的BMD是骨折风险的一个有用但不完美的预测指标，并且低BMD不一定总是先于椎骨骨折出现。还应考虑其他因素，如骨质量（即小梁连通性）。椎体的关键小梁丢失可能会损害骨骼完整性，导致结构失效，但脊柱的BMD值仍可能在正常范围内，或在骨质减少范围内。
