Kerimi N
Department of Psychiatry, Turkmen State Medical Institute, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
Addiction. 2000 Sep;95(9):1319-33. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.95913194.x.
This paper presents a picture of how the patterns of opium use have changed in Turkmenistan over more than 100 years and the relationship between these transformations and formal and informal social controls of drug use. From the late 18th century, when opium use began to become a social problem, informal control weakened. Eventually, in the late 19th century, formal control was introduced, aimed at the prohibition of drug trade and use. From that time, the intended and unintended outcomes of implemented policies led to changes in the demographic patterns of users and the social-medical consequences of opiate use. The anti-drug policies, where criminal prohibition coexisted with strategies aimed at raising the population's general living standards and at providing free access to health care, were effective up to the early 1980s. New political and social-economic realities in the 1980-90s have radically changed the drug scene in the country, with heroin trade and use as the main concerns. The government's reaction, while following the old paths, has included new elements, based mainly on ideas of national consolidation.
本文呈现了土库曼斯坦100多年来鸦片使用模式的变化情况，以及这些转变与毒品使用的正式和非正式社会控制之间的关系。从18世纪末鸦片使用开始成为社会问题时起，非正式控制就减弱了。最终，在19世纪末引入了正式控制，旨在禁止毒品贸易和使用。从那时起，所实施政策的预期和非预期结果导致了使用者人口模式的变化以及阿片类药物使用的社会医学后果。在20世纪80年代初之前，将刑事禁令与旨在提高民众总体生活水平以及提供免费医疗服务的策略相结合的禁毒政策一直是有效的。20世纪80至90年代新的政治和社会经济现实彻底改变了该国的毒品形势，主要问题变成了海洛因贸易和使用。政府的反应在沿袭老路的同时，也包含了新的元素，主要基于国家巩固的理念。
