Transcriptional regulation of the human interleukin 1beta gene by fibronectin: role of protein kinase C and activator protein 1 (AP-1).

Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) is a multifunctional polypeptide considered a key cytokine during inflammation. Fibronectin (FN), a matrix glycoprotein highly expressed in injured tissues, can induce expression of IL-1beta in human blood monocytic cells. Herein, we explore the intracellular signals and transcriptional mechanisms responsible for IL-1beta induction by FN using human promonocytic U937 cells transfected with the human IL-1beta promoter connected to a reporter gene. Exposure of transfected U937s to FN resulted in increased expression of the full-length IL-1beta promoter. This effect, mediated via the alpha5beta1 integrin, was associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and was abolished by pre-treatment of cells with Calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Deletion analysis and co-transfection studies using consensus activator protein 1 (AP-1) oligonucleotides suggested that an AP-1 site present in the 5' end of the IL-1beta promoter was involved in the FN-induced response. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that FN induced binding of AP-1, but not NF-kappaB. Together, these experiments demonstrate that FN binding to the alpha5beta1 integrin activates MAPK-dependent signal pathways, and results in the transcription of the IL-1beta promoter in U937 cells by activating PKC and inducing AP-1.