Plaks J E, Higgins E T
Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000 Dec;79(6):962-74. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.79.6.962.
Using 4 experiments, the authors examined how stereotypic information about teammates influences social loafing and compensation during collective tasks. In each experiment, participants performed better on cognitive tasks when there was a poor (vs. good) fit between the stereotypic strengths of their partner and the requirements of the task. This pattern occurred whether participants used gender stereotypes (Experiment 1) or occupational stereotypes (Experiments 2 to 4) and occurred even when participants only anticipated working on a collective task (Experiment 4). In Experiment 3, the pattern occurred only in the collective (not in the coactive) condition, providing direct evidence for social loafing. Together, these results suggest that people use stereotypes to tune their motivation to optimize the ratio of their own individual effort to the team's expected output.
作者通过4个实验，研究了关于队友的刻板印象信息如何在集体任务中影响社会惰化和报酬。在每个实验中，当搭档的刻板印象强度与任务要求之间的匹配度较差（而非较好）时，参与者在认知任务上的表现更好。无论参与者使用性别刻板印象（实验1）还是职业刻板印象（实验2至4），这种模式都会出现，甚至当参与者只是预期要参与一项集体任务时（实验4）也会出现。在实验3中，这种模式仅在集体（而非共同行动）条件下出现，为社会惰化提供了直接证据。总之，这些结果表明，人们利用刻板印象来调整自己的动机，以优化个人努力与团队预期产出的比例。
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