D'Esposito M
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA.
Semin Neurol. 2000;20(4):487-98. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-13182.
Neuroimaging has, in many respects, revolutionized the study of behavioral neurology and cognitive neuroscience. Early studies of brain-behavior relationships relied on a precise neurological examination as the basis for hypothesizing the site of brain damage that was responsible for a given behavioral syndrome. The advent of structural brain imaging, first with computed tomography (CT) and later with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), paved the way for more precise anatomical localization of the cognitive deficits that are manifest after brain injury. In recent years, functional neuroimaging, broadly defined as techniques that provide measures of brain activity, has further increased our ability to study the neural basis of behavior. The modern era of functional brain imaging was introduced with the use of positron emission tomography (PET). In more recent years, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as an extremely powerful technique with many advantages over PET for studying cognition. Thus, the principles underlying fMRI studies of cognition are the focus of this review.
在许多方面，神经成像技术已经彻底改变了行为神经学和认知神经科学的研究。早期关于脑-行为关系的研究依赖于精确的神经学检查，以此作为推测导致特定行为综合征的脑损伤部位的基础。结构脑成像技术的出现，先是计算机断层扫描（CT），后来是磁共振成像（MRI），为更精确地定位脑损伤后出现的认知缺陷的解剖位置铺平了道路。近年来，功能神经成像技术，广义上定义为提供脑活动测量的技术，进一步提高了我们研究行为神经基础的能力。功能脑成像的现代时代是随着正电子发射断层扫描（PET）的使用而开启的。近年来，功能磁共振成像（fMRI）迅速崛起，成为一种极其强大的技术，在研究认知方面比PET有许多优势。因此，本综述的重点是fMRI认知研究的基本原理。
