Caldwell J A
Aircrew Health and Performance Division, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL 36362-0577, USA.
Air Med J. 2001 Jan-Feb;20(1):25-32.
Because of its effects on productivity and safety, fatigue is receiving increasing attention in a variety of settings, including aviation. Fatigue-related problems cost America an estimated $18 billion a year in terms of lost productivity, and fatigue-related drowsiness on the highways contributes to more than 1500 fatalities, 100,000 crashes, and 76,000 injuries annually. Furthermore, evidence is mounting that pilot and aircrew fatigue has been a causative factor in several aviation mishaps. Although substantial research has been conducted on the nature of fatigue and the effectiveness of various countermeasures, much of the relevant information may not be reaching those who need it most. The importance of obtaining adequate daily sleep and the efficacy of proper work/rest schedules, strategic napping, rest breaks, circadian-entrainment interventions, and other techniques should be emphasized in air medical training programs along with the more standard courses aimed at maintaining crew skills and improving flight safety. Once the facts are known, the aircrew's ability to control fatigue will enhance the productivity and safety of air ambulance operations.
由于疲劳会对生产力和安全产生影响，它在包括航空业在内的各种工作环境中受到越来越多的关注。与疲劳相关的问题每年给美国造成约180亿美元的生产力损失，公路上与疲劳相关的困倦每年导致超过1500人死亡、10万起撞车事故和7.6万人受伤。此外，越来越多的证据表明，飞行员和机组人员的疲劳是几起航空事故的致因。尽管已经对疲劳的本质和各种应对措施的有效性进行了大量研究，但许多相关信息可能并未传达给最需要的人。空中医疗培训项目应强调获得充足每日睡眠的重要性以及适当的工作/休息时间表、策略性小憩、休息时段、昼夜节律调节干预措施和其他技术的功效，同时还要开展旨在维持机组人员技能和提高飞行安全的更标准课程。一旦了解了这些事实，机组人员控制疲劳的能力将提高空中救护行动的生产力和安全性。
