Bucknall C. B.
Advanced Materials Department, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, U.K.
J Microsc. 2001 Feb;201(2):221-229. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00838.x.
The principal mechanisms of inelastic deformation in rubber-toughened plastics, and in other similar multiphase polymers, are shear yielding and multiple crazing in the rigid matrix phase, and cavitation in the soft disperse phase. Microscopy has played a very important part in the identification and study of these mechanisms. However, no one technique has been predominant. Polarized-light microscopy is useful for observing crazing, and has proved to be the most effective method for studying shear yielding, whereas transmission electron microscopy has provided valuable insights into the cavitation behaviour of complex rubber particles. Scanning electron microscopy has made significant contributions in the study of all three micromechanisms. In some microscopy investigations, thin sections have been strained in situ on the microscope stage. In others, specimens have been deformed in the bulk state before being polished and etched, or stained and microtomed, or coated with a thin layer of metal, in preparation for examination in the microscope. The importance of combining microscopy with other, complementary methods for studying deformation micromechanics is emphasized, and two novel methods for detecting cavitation in multiphase polymers are discussed briefly.
橡胶增韧塑料以及其他类似多相聚合物中，非弹性变形的主要机制是刚性基体相中的剪切屈服和多重银纹化，以及软质分散相中的空化现象。显微镜在这些机制的识别和研究中发挥了非常重要的作用。然而，没有一种技术占据主导地位。偏光显微镜对于观察银纹化很有用，并且已被证明是研究剪切屈服最有效的方法，而透射电子显微镜为复杂橡胶颗粒的空化行为提供了有价值的见解。扫描电子显微镜在所有这三种微观机制的研究中都做出了重大贡献。在一些显微镜研究中，薄片在显微镜载物台上进行原位拉伸。在其他研究中，试样在整体状态下变形后再进行抛光、蚀刻、染色、切片或涂覆一层薄金属，以便在显微镜下进行检查。强调了将显微镜与其他互补方法相结合用于研究变形微观力学的重要性，并简要讨论了两种检测多相聚合物中空化现象的新方法。
