Lynskey M, Hall W
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Addiction. 2000 Nov;95(11):1621-30. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x.
This paper reviews research examining the link between cannabis use and educational attainment among youth. Cross-sectional studies have revealed significant associations between cannabis use and a range of measures of educational performance including lower grade point average, less satisfaction with school, negative attitudes to school, increased rates of school absenteeism and poor school performance. However, results of cross-sectional studies cannot be used to determine whether cannabis use causes poor educational performance, poor educational performance is a cause of cannabis use or whether both outcomes are a reflection of common risk factors. Nonetheless, a number of prospective longitudinal studies have indicated that early cannabis use may significantly increase risks of subsequent poor school performance and, in particular, early school leaving. This association has remained after control for a wide range of prospectively assessed covariates. Possible mechanisms underlying an association between early cannabis use and educational attainment include the possibility that cannabis use induces an 'amotivational syndrome' or that cannabis use causes cognitive impairment. However, there appears to be relatively little empirical support for these hypotheses. It is proposed that the link between early cannabis use and educational attainment arises because of the social context within which cannabis is used. In particular, early cannabis use appears to be associated with the adoption of an anti-conventional lifestyle characterized by affiliations with delinquent and substance using peers, and the precocious adoption of adult roles including early school leaving, leaving the parental home and early parenthood.
本文回顾了关于青少年使用大麻与学业成就之间联系的研究。横断面研究表明，使用大麻与一系列教育表现指标之间存在显著关联，包括较低的平均绩点、对学校的满意度较低、对学校的消极态度、旷课率增加以及学业成绩不佳。然而，横断面研究的结果不能用于确定是使用大麻导致了学业成绩不佳，还是学业成绩不佳是使用大麻的原因，或者这两种结果是否都反映了共同的风险因素。尽管如此，一些前瞻性纵向研究表明，早期使用大麻可能会显著增加随后学业成绩不佳的风险，尤其是过早辍学的风险。在对一系列前瞻性评估的协变量进行控制后，这种关联仍然存在。早期使用大麻与学业成就之间关联的潜在机制可能包括使用大麻会诱发“动机缺乏综合征”，或者使用大麻会导致认知障碍。然而，这些假设似乎相对缺乏实证支持。有人提出，早期使用大麻与学业成就之间的联系是由于使用大麻的社会背景所致。特别是，早期使用大麻似乎与采用一种反传统的生活方式有关，这种生活方式的特点是与不良和使用毒品的同龄人交往，以及过早承担成人角色，包括过早辍学、离开父母家以及过早为人父母。
