Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France.
Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
Int J Epidemiol. 2017 Oct 1;46(5):1641-1650. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx065.
Adolescent cannabis use has been reported to predict later educational attainment; however, results of past studies may be confounded by inappropriate control for factors that make some youths more likely to use cannabis precociously than others. We aimed to test the possibility of a causal relationship between early cannabis initiation and later academic achievement.
Analyses are based on data collected among TEMPO cohort study participants (France, 2009, n = 1103, 22-35 years). Participants were previously assessed in childhood (1991) and adolescence (1999); additionally, their parents had taken part in a longitudinal epidemiological cohort study (GAZEL). Early cannabis initiation was defined as use at age 16 or earlier. Educational attainment was defined as the completion of a high-school degree ('Baccalauréat'). Early (up to and including age 16 years) and late (after age 16 years) cannabis-use initiators were compared with non-users using logistic regression models controlled for inverse probability weights (IPWs) of exposure calculated based on participants' socio-demographic, juvenile and parental characteristics.
In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, early cannabis initiators were more likely than non-users to have low educational attainment [odds ratio (OR): 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.55]. In IPWs-controlled analyses, this association somewhat decreased (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.13-2.40). Late cannabis initiators did not have lower educational attainment than non-users. Early cannabis use and educational attainment appeared more strongly associated in young women than in young men.
Early cannabis can cause low educational attainment. Youths who initiate cannabis use early require attention from addiction and education specialists to reduce their odds of poor long-term outcomes.
青少年大麻使用已被报道与以后的教育程度有关；然而，过去的研究结果可能因未能适当控制某些使年轻人比其他人更早使用大麻的因素而受到混淆。我们旨在测试早期大麻使用与后来学业成绩之间是否存在因果关系。
分析基于 TEMPO 队列研究参与者的数据（法国，2009 年，n=1103，年龄 22-35 岁）。参与者之前在儿童时期（1991 年）和青少年时期（1999 年）接受了评估；此外，他们的父母参加了一项纵向流行病学队列研究（GAZEL）。早期大麻使用定义为 16 岁或更早使用。教育程度定义为完成高中学业（“Baccalauréat”）。使用逻辑回归模型比较了早期（至 16 岁及以下）和晚期（16 岁以后）大麻使用者与非使用者，这些模型使用基于参与者的社会人口统计学、青少年和父母特征计算的暴露的逆概率权重（IPW）进行控制。
在年龄和性别调整分析中，早期大麻使用者比非使用者更有可能教育程度较低[比值比（OR）：1.77，95%置信区间（CI）1.22-2.55]。在 IPW 控制分析中，这种关联略有下降（OR：1.64，95% CI 1.13-2.40）。晚期大麻使用者与非使用者相比，教育程度较低。早期大麻使用与教育程度之间的关联在年轻女性中比年轻男性中更强。
早期大麻使用可能导致教育程度较低。早期开始使用大麻的青少年需要受到成瘾和教育专家的关注，以降低他们不良长期结局的几率。
