Maque, a family of extremely short interspersed repetitive elements: characterization, possible mechanism of transposition, and evolutionary implications.

Database analysis revealed a novel family of very short interspersed repetitive elements named Maque in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. Past mobility of Maque was demonstrated by evidence of its insertion that resulted in a target duplication. Approximately 220 copies of Maque were present in the A. gambiae genome. Although only approximately 60 bp long, Maque has the appearance of a distinct transposition unit. Eleven of the 12 Maque elements found in the database were flanked by 9-14 bp direct repeats, indicating that their transposition was relatively recent. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are at least two subgroups within the Maque family, suggesting that they may have been originated from more than one source. Five of the 12 Maque elements had at least one other repetitive element nearby. Three of the Maque elements were found near genes. However, Maque was not found in the coding regions of genes or in any of the expressed sequence tags (ESTs), which is consistent with its significantly biased distribution toward A + T rich regions. Several characteristics of Maque indicate that it is likely a non-autonomous retro-element. The evolutionary origin of Maque and the differences between Maque and other known retro-elements including short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs) are discussed. A hypothesis is proposed in which short sequences containing just the reverse transcriptase recognition signal (RTRS) could potentially contribute to exon shuffling and the genesis of some primordial SINEs.